{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T03:57:20Z","timestamp":1763179040203,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Project","award":["No. 11573052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 11573052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional water vapor can be reconstructed from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations, which can study 3-D profile variations of atmospheric water vapor and climate. However, there is a large uncertainty of water vapor tomography from single GPS system observations due to limited satellites. The rapid development of multi-GNSS, including China\u2019s Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and Russia\u2019s GLONASS, has greatly improved the geometric distribution of satellite ray-path signals, which may improve the performance of water vapor tomography by combining multi-GNSS. In this paper, 3-D water vapor tomography results are the first time obtained using multi-GNSS data from Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) network in Wuhan, China, whose performances are validated by radiosonde and the latest ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis products. The results show that the integrated multi-GNSS can pronouncedly increase the number of effective signals, and 3-D water vapor results are better than those from the GPS-only system, improving by 5% with GPS + GLONASS or GPS + GLONASS + BDS, while BDS has results that are not improved too much. Therefore, multi-GNSS will enhance the reliability and accuracy of 3-D water vapor tomography, which has more potential applications in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T11:52:47Z","timestamp":1515066767000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["3-D Water Vapor Tomography in Wuhan from GPS, BDS and GLONASS Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0917-2912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhounan","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5108-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuanggen","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey"},{"name":"Geospheric Activities and Atmospheric Variations Lab, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15787","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01517","article-title":"GPS meteorology: Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor using the Global Positioning System","volume":"97","author":"Bevis","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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