{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T22:05:51Z","timestamp":1761948351660,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,7]],"date-time":"2018-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accurate modeling of bushfires is not only complex and contextual but also a computationally intensive task. Ensemble predictions, involving several thousands to millions of simulations, can be required to capture and quantify the uncertain nature of bushfires. Moreover, users\u2019 requirement and configuration may change in different situations requiring either more computational resources or modeling to be completed with a stricter time constraint. For example, during emergency situations, the user may need to make time-critical decisions that require the execution of bushfire-spread models within a deadline. Currently, most operational tools are not flexible and scalable enough to consider different users\u2019 time requirements. In this paper, we propose the SparkCloud service, which integrates features of user-defined customizable configuration for bushfire simulations and scalability\/elasticity features of the cloud to handle computation requirements. The proposed cloud service utilizes Data61\u2019s Spark, which is a significantly flexible and scalable software system for bushfire-spread prediction and has been used in practical scenarios. The effectiveness of the SparkCloud service is demonstrated using real cases of bushfires and on real cloud computing infrastructure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T12:26:02Z","timestamp":1515414362000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["SparkCloud: A Cloud-Based Elastic Bushfire Simulation Service"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology, Environments and Design (TED), University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Forbes-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology, Environments and Design (TED), University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data61, Eveleigh NSW 2015, Australia"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data61, Eveleigh NSW 2015, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2011.2125230","article-title":"A comparative review on wildfire simulators","volume":"5","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. 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Available online: https:\/\/research.csiro.au\/static\/spark\/Spark.pdf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/74\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:50:24Z","timestamp":1760194224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/74"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,7]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10010074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10010074","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,7]]}}}