{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T04:00:44Z","timestamp":1774584044376,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]],"date-time":"2018-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In light of climate change and its impacts on plant physiology, optimizing water usage and improving irrigation practices play a crucial role in crop management. In recent years, new optical remote sensing techniques have become widespread since they allow a non-invasive evaluation of plant water stress dynamics in a timely manner. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) currently represent one of the most advanced platforms for remote sensing applications. In this study, remote and proximal sensing measurements were compared with plant physiological variables, with the aim of testing innovative services and support systems to farmers for optimizing irrigation practices and scheduling. The experiment, conducted in two vineyards located in Sardinia, Italy, consisted of two regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) treatments and two reference treatments maintained under stress and well-watered conditions. Indicators of crop water status (Crop Water Stress Index\u2014CWSI\u2014and linear thermal index) were calculated from UAV images and ground infrared thermal images and then related to physiological measurements. The CWSI values for moderate water deficit (RDI-1) were 0.72, 0.28 and 0.43 for \u2018Vermentino\u2019, \u2018Cabernet\u2019 and \u2018Cagnulari\u2019 respectively, while for severe (RDI-2) water deficit the values were 0.90, 0.34 and 0.51. The highest differences for net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) between RDI-1 and RDI-2 were observed in \u2018Vermentino\u2019. The highest significant correlations were found between CWSI with Pn (R = \u22120.80), with \u03a6PSII (R = \u22120.49) and with Fv\u2019\/Fm\u2019 (R = \u22120.48) on \u2018Cagnulari\u2019, while a unique significant correlation between CWSI and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) (R = 0.47) was found on \u2018Vermentino\u2019. Pn, as well as the efficiency of light use by the photosystem II (PSII), declined under stress conditions and when CWSI values increased. Under the experimental water stress conditions, grapevines were able to recover their efficiency during the night, activating a photosynthetic protection mechanism such as thermal energy dissipation (NPQ) to prevent irreversible damage to the photosystem. The results presented here demonstrate that CWSI values derived from remote and proximal sensors could be valuable indicators for the assessment of the spatial variability of crop water status in Mediterranean vineyards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T04:23:44Z","timestamp":1516163024000},"page":"114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Estimation of Water Stress in Grapevines Using Proximal and Remote Sensing Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8244-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Matese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Florence, Italy"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Baraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Via P.Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Berton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Cesaraccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Traversa La Crucca, 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0065-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Di Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5011-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Duce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Traversa La Crucca, 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-6962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Facini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Via P.Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7298-1587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Mameli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGRIS Sardegna, Loc. Bonassai S.S. 291 Sassari-Fertilia\u2014Km. 18,600, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Piga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Traversa La Crucca, 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1700-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Zaldei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Florence, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Influence of pre- and post-veraison water deficit on synthesis and concentration of skin phenolic compounds during berry growth of Vitis vinifera cv Shiraz","volume":"53","author":"Ojeda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. 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Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090961"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/114\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:51:25Z","timestamp":1760194285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/1\/114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10010114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10010114","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]]}}}