{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T07:39:07Z","timestamp":1768808347752,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Nature et Technologies"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la for\u00eat, de la faune et des parcs du Qu\u00e9bec"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several decades of research have shown that canopy gaps drive tree renewal processes in the temperate deciduous forest biome. In the literature, canopy gaps are usually defined as canopy openings that are created by partial or total tree death of one or more canopy trees. In this study, we investigate linkages between tree damage mechanisms and the formation or not of new canopy gaps in northern temperate deciduous forests. We studied height loss processes in unmanaged and managed forests recovering from partial cutting with multi-temporal airborne Lidar data. The Lidar dataset was used to detect areas where canopy height reduction occurred, which were then field-studied to identify the tree damage mechanisms implicated. We also sampled the density of leaf material along transects to characterize canopy structure. We used the dataset of the canopy height reduction areas in a multi-model inference analysis to determine whether canopy structures or tree damage mechanisms most influenced the creation of new canopy gaps within canopy height reduction areas. According to our model, new canopy gaps are created mainly when canopy damage enlarges existing gaps or when height is reduced over areas without an already established dense sub-canopy tree layer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T12:17:11Z","timestamp":1516191431000},"page":"121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Tree Death Not Resulting in Gap Creation: An Investigation of Canopy Dynamics of Northern Temperate Deciduous Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4937-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Francois","family":"Sen\u00e9cal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre D\u2019\u00e9tude de la For\u00eat, D\u00e9partement des Sciences Biologiques, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 3P8, Canada"},{"name":"Institut des Sciences de la For\u00eat Temp\u00e9r\u00e9e (ISFORT), D\u00e9partement des Sciences Naturelles, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Ripon, QC J0V 1V0, Canada"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rik","family":"Doyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences de la For\u00eat Temp\u00e9r\u00e9e (ISFORT), D\u00e9partement des Sciences Naturelles, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Ripon, QC J0V 1V0, Canada"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Messier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre D\u2019\u00e9tude de la For\u00eat, D\u00e9partement des Sciences Biologiques, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 3P8, Canada"},{"name":"Institut des Sciences de la For\u00eat Temp\u00e9r\u00e9e (ISFORT), D\u00e9partement des Sciences Naturelles, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Ripon, QC J0V 1V0, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02767114","article-title":"Forest gap dynamics and tree regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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