{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T05:53:14Z","timestamp":1771653194632,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the relationship between the Agulhas Current system and El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Specifically, it addresses monthly to yearly variations in Agulhas leakage where the Agulhas Current sheds waters into the Atlantic Ocean, in turn affecting meridional overturning circulation (MOC). Sea surface temperature (SST) data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) combined with sea surface salinity (SSS) from Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis are used to explore changes in Agulhas leakage dynamics. Agulhas leakage is anomalously warm in response to El Ni\u00f1o and anomalously cool in response to La Ni\u00f1a. The corresponding SSS signal shows both a primary and secondary signal response. At first, the SSS signal of Agulhas leakage is anomalously fresh in response to El Ni\u00f1o, but this primary signal is replaced by a secondary anomalously saline signal. In response to La Ni\u00f1a, the primary SSS signal of Agulhas leakage is anomalously saline, while the secondary SSS signal is anomalously fresh. The lag between the peak of ENSO and the response in SST and the corresponding primary SSS signal of Agulhas leakage is about 20 months, followed by the secondary SSS signal at a lag of about 26 months. In general, increasing ENSO strength increases the extremes of the resulting anomalous SST and SSS signal and impacts the Agulhas leakage region earlier during El Ni\u00f1o and slightly later during La Ni\u00f1a.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T12:19:48Z","timestamp":1516277988000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Role of El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events on Temperature and Salinity Variability in the Agulhas Leakage Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Morgan","family":"Paris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of South Carolina, 701 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3465-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulusu","family":"Subrahmanyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of South Carolina, 701 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridgway, K.R., and Dunn, J.R. 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