{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T06:47:28Z","timestamp":1775630848210,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP150104576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP150104576"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite remote sensing of trace gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased our ability to observe and understand Earth\u2019s climate. However, these remote sensing data, specifically Level 2 retrievals, tend to be irregular in space and time, and hence, spatio-temporal prediction is required to infer values at any location and time point. Such inferences are not only required to answer important questions about our climate, but they are also needed for validating the satellite instrument, since Level 2 retrievals are generally not co-located with ground-based remote sensing instruments. Here, we discuss statistical approaches to construct Level 3 products from Level 2 retrievals, placing particular emphasis on the strengths and potential pitfalls when using statistical prediction in this context. Following this discussion, we use a spatio-temporal statistical modelling framework known as fixed rank kriging (FRK) to obtain global predictions and prediction standard errors of column-averaged carbon dioxide based on Version 7r and Version 8r retrievals from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite. The FRK predictions allow us to validate statistically the Level 2 retrievals globally even though the data are at locations and at time points that do not coincide with validation data. Importantly, the validation takes into account the prediction uncertainty, which is dependent both on the temporally-varying density of observations around the ground-based measurement sites and on the spatio-temporal high-frequency components of the trace gas field that are not explicitly modelled. Here, for validation of remotely-sensed CO2    data, we use observations from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network. We demonstrate that the resulting FRK product based on Version 8r compares better with TCCON data than that based on Version 7r, in terms of both prediction accuracy and uncertainty quantification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T13:40:39Z","timestamp":1516628439000},"page":"155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["On Statistical Approaches to Generate Level 3 Products from Satellite Remote Sensing Retrievals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4164-6866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Zammit-Mangion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"}]},{"given":"Noel","family":"Cressie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"}]},{"given":"Clint","family":"Shumack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7614","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026453","article-title":"Probabilistic global maps of the CO2 column at daily and monthly scales from sparse satellite measurements","volume":"122","author":"Chevallier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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TCCON Data from Wollongong, Australia, Release GGG2014R0, Available online: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.wollongong01.R0\/1149291.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.wollongong01.R0\/1149291"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Maziere, M., Sha, M.K., Desmet, F., Hermans, C., Scolas, F., Kumps, N., Metzger, J.M., Duflot, V., and Cammas, J.P. (2018, January 20). TCCON Data from Reunion Island (La Reunion), France, Release GGG2014R0, Available online: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.reunion01.R0\/1149288.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.reunion01.R0\/1149288"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffith, D.W.T., Deutscher, N., Velazco, V.A., Wennberg, P.O., Yavin, Y., Aleks, G.K., Washenfelder, R., Toon, G.C., Blavier, J.F., and Murphy, C. (2018, January 20). TCCON Data from Darwin, Australia, Release GGG2014R0, Available online: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.darwin01.R0\/1149290.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.darwin01.R0\/1149290"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feist, D.G., Arnold, S.G., John, N., and Geibel, M.C. (2018, January 20). TCCON Data from Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Release GGG2014R0, Available online: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.ascension01.R0\/1149285.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.ascension01.R0\/1149285"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey, M., Henderson, B., Green, D., Butterfield, Z., Keppel-Aleks, G., Allen, N., Blavier, J.F., Roehl, C., Wunch, D., and Lindenmaier, R. (2018, January 20). TCCON Data from Manaus, Brazil, Release GGG2014R0, Available online: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.manaus01.R0\/1149274.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.manaus01.R0\/1149274"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., Schneider, M., Garcia, O., and Sepulveda, E. (2018, January 20). TCCON Data from Izana, Tenerife, Spain, Release GGG2014R0, Available online: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.izana01.R0\/1149295.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.izana01.R0\/1149295"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawakami, S., Ohyama, H., Arai, K., Okumura, H., Taura, C., Fukamachi, T., and Sakashita, M. (2018, January 20). 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