{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T10:01:40Z","timestamp":1766484100996,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Anna Pasek Foundation","award":["In 2012\/2013 funded a scholarship to Marlena Kycko"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["In 2012\/2013 funded a scholarship to Marlena Kycko"]}]},{"name":"Polish-Norwegian Research Programme, National Centre for Research and Development","award":["Ecosystem stress from the combined effects of winter climate change and air pollution \u2013 how do the impacts differ between biomes? (WICLAP), No: POL-NOR\/198571\/83\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ecosystem stress from the combined effects of winter climate change and air pollution \u2013 how do the impacts differ between biomes? (WICLAP), No: POL-NOR\/198571\/83\/2013"]}]},{"name":"Biostrateg Programme of the Polish National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR)","award":["DZP\/BIOSTRATEG-II\/390\/2015: The innovative approach supporting monitoring of non-forest Natura 2000 habitats, using remote sensing methods (HabitARS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DZP\/BIOSTRATEG-II\/390\/2015: The innovative approach supporting monitoring of non-forest Natura 2000 habitats, using remote sensing methods (HabitARS)"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["501-D119-64-0180200-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["501-D119-64-0180200-15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research focuses on the effect of trampling on vegetation in high-mountain ecosystems through the electromagnetic spectrum\u2019s interaction with plant pigments, cell structure, water content and other substances that have a direct impact on leaf properties. The aim of the study was to confirm with the use of fluorescence methods of variability in the state of high-mountain vegetation previously measured spectrometrically. The most heavily visited part of the High Tatras in Poland was divided into polygons and, after selecting the dominant species within alpine swards, a detailed analysis of trampled and reference patterns was performed. The Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) FieldSpec 3\/4 were used to acquire high-resolution spectral properties of plants, their fluorescence and the leaf chlorophyll content with the difference between the plant surface temperature (ts), and the air temperature (ta) as well as fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) used as reference data. The results show that, along tourist trails, vegetation adapts to trampling with the impact depending on the species. A lower chlorophyll value was confirmed by a decrease in fluorescence, and the cellular structures were degraded in trampled compared to reference species, with a lower leaf reflectance. In addition, at the extreme, trampling can eliminate certain species such as Luzula alpino-pilosa, for which significant changes were noted due to trampling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T04:20:50Z","timestamp":1517545250000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Impact of Tourist Traffic on the Condition and Cell Structures of Alpine Swards"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5133-3727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlena","family":"Kycko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie 30, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7882-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Zagajewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie 30, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5181-9425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Lavender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pixalytics Ltd., 1 Davy Road, Plymouth Science Park, Derriford, Plymouth, Devon PL6 8BX, UK"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Romanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zwijacz-Kozica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tatra National Park, Ku\u017anice 1, 34-500 Zakopane, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90019-T","article-title":"Functional patterns in an annual grassland during an AVIRIS overflight","volume":"44","author":"Gamon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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