{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T13:52:21Z","timestamp":1772718741853,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Optimal Estimation (OE) technique is developed within the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI) to retrieve subskin Sea Surface Temperature (SST) from AQUA\u2019s Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer\u2014Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). A comprehensive matchup database with drifting buoy observations is used to develop and test the OE setup. It is shown that it is essential to update the first guess atmospheric and oceanic state variables and to perform several iterations to reach an optimal retrieval. The optimal number of iterations is typically three to four in the current setup. In addition, updating the forward model, using a multivariate regression model is shown to improve the capability of the forward model to reproduce the observations. The average sensitivity of the OE retrieval is 0.5 and shows a latitudinal dependency with smaller sensitivity for cold waters and larger sensitivity for warmer waters. The OE SSTs are evaluated against drifting buoy measurements during 2010. The results show an average difference of 0.02 K with a standard deviation of 0.47 K when considering the 64% matchups, where the simulated and observed brightness temperatures are most consistent. The corresponding mean uncertainty is estimated to 0.48 K including the in situ and sampling uncertainties. An independent validation against Argo observations from 2009 to 2011 shows an average difference of 0.01 K, a standard deviation of 0.50 K and a mean uncertainty of 0.47 K, when considering the best 62% of retrievals. The satellite versus in situ discrepancies are highest in the dynamic oceanic regions due to the large satellite footprint size and the associated sampling effects. Uncertainty estimates are available for all retrievals and have been validated to be accurate. They can thus be used to obtain very good retrieval results. In general, the results from the OE retrieval are very encouraging and demonstrate that passive microwave observations provide a valuable alternative to infrared satellite observations for retrieving SST.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T06:45:40Z","timestamp":1517553940000},"page":"229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Optimal Estimation of Sea Surface Temperature from AMSR-E"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pia","family":"Nielsen-Englyst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen \u00d8, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"L. H\u00f8yer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen \u00d8, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7913-6282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leif","family":"Toudal Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTU-Space, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2250-3106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chelle","family":"L. Gentemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Space Research, Seattle, WA 98121, USA"}]},{"given":"Emy","family":"Alerskans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen \u00d8, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brockmann Consult GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 2, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Donlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency\/European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA\/ESTEC), 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3921","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2004)017<3921:TEOAAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The effect of aerosols and clouds on the retrieval of infrared sea surface temperatures","volume":"17","author":"Armstrong","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1993)006<0768:IOMPAO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Impact of mount pinatubo aerosols on satellite-derived sea surface temperatures","volume":"6","author":"Reynolds","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<1609:AIISAS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An improved in situ and satellite sst analysis for climate","volume":"15","author":"Reynolds","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-8-1197","article-title":"The global ocean data assimilation experiment high-resolution sea surface temperature pilot project","volume":"88","author":"Donlon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., and Stammer, D. (2010). Successes and challenges for the modern sea surface temperature observing system. Proceeding of OceanObs\u201909: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, ESA Publication WPP-306."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5467.847","article-title":"Satellite measurements of sea surface temperature through clouds","volume":"288","author":"Wentz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-86-8-1097","article-title":"Global microwave satellite observations of sea surface temperature for numerical weather prediction and climate research","volume":"86","author":"Chelton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1029\/RS015i003p00525","article-title":"An algorithm for retrieval of ocean surface and atmospheric parameters from the observations of the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer","volume":"15","author":"Wilheit","year":"1980","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipes, R.G. (1982). Description of SEASAT radiometer status and results. J. Geophys. Res., 87.","DOI":"10.1029\/JC087iC05p03385"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milman, A.S., and Wilheit, T.T. (1985). Sea surface temperatures from the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer on Nimbus 7. J. Geophys. Res., 90.","DOI":"10.1029\/JC090iC06p11631"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2465170","article-title":"GCOM-W1 AMSR2 Level 1R Product: Dataset of brightness temperature modified using the antenna pattern matching technique","volume":"54","author":"Maeda","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.836867","article-title":"The WindSat spaceborne polarimetric microwave radiometer: Sensor description and early orbit performance","volume":"42","author":"Gaiser","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-85-2-195","article-title":"Satellite observations of cool ocean\u2014Atmosphere interaction*","volume":"85","author":"Xie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Shibata, A. (2005, January 29). Calibration of AMSR-E SST toward a monitoring of global warming. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-006-0057-3","article-title":"Features of ocean microwave emission changed by wind at 6 GHz","volume":"62","author":"Shibata","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wentz, F.J., and Meissner, T. (2007). AMSR_E Ocean Algorithms, Remote Sensing Systems.","DOI":"10.56236\/RSS-am"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-006-0059-1","article-title":"Difference characteristics of sea surface temperature observed by GLI and AMSR aboard ADEOS-II","volume":"62","author":"Hosoda","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009716","article-title":"Three way validation of MODIS and AMSR-E sea surface temperatures","volume":"119","author":"Gentemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.10.017","article-title":"The Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) system","volume":"116","author":"Donlon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-015-0272-x","article-title":"Improvement of New Generation Sea Surface Temperature for Open ocean (NGSST-O): A new sub-sampling method of blending microwave observations","volume":"71","author":"Hosoda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stark, J.D., Donlon, C.J., Martin, M.J., and McCulloch, M.E. (2007, January 18\u201321). OSTIA\u202f: An operational, high resolution, real time, global sea surface temperature analysis system. Proceedings of the OCEANS, Aberdeen, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSE.2007.4302251"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1824.1","article-title":"Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature","volume":"20","author":"Reynolds","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2009.64","article-title":"The GODAE high-resolution sea surface temperature pilot project","volume":"22","author":"Donlon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.11.011","article-title":"Optimal estimation of sea surface temperature from split-window observations","volume":"112","author":"Merchant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.10.012","article-title":"Sea surface temperature from a geostationary satellite by optimal estimation","volume":"113","author":"Merchant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417011-7.00015-5","article-title":"Simulation and Inversion of Satellite Thermal Measurements","volume":"Volume 47","author":"Merchant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/gdj3.20","article-title":"Sea surface temperature datasets for climate applications from Phase 1 of the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (SST CCI)","volume":"1","author":"Merchant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geosci. Data J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.12.019","article-title":"Extended optimal estimation techniques for sea surface temperature from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager (SEVIRI)","volume":"131","author":"Merchant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"81","article-title":"Merging microwave radiometer data and meteorological data for improved sea ice concentrations","volume":"3","author":"Pedersen","year":"1994","journal-title":"EARSeL Adv. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"236","article-title":"Retrieval of sea ice emissivity and integrated retrieval of surface and atmospheric parameters over the Arctic from AMSR-E data","volume":"29","author":"Melsheimer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2739858","article-title":"Experiences with an Optimal estimation algorithm for surface and atmospheric parameter retrieval from passive microwave data in the arctic","volume":"10","author":"Scarlat","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.862504","article-title":"A nonlinear optimization algorithm for WindSat wind vector retrievals","volume":"44","author":"Bettenhausen","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ashcroft, P., and Wentz, F.J. (2016, July 30). AMSR-E\/Aqua L2A Global Swath Spatially-Resampled Brightness Temperatures (Tb), Version 3, Available online: https:\/\/cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov\/search\/concepts\/C190757121-NSIDC_ECS.html."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wentz, F.J. (2013). SSM\/I Version-7 Calibration Report, Remote Sensing Systems.","DOI":"10.56236\/RSS-av"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2103","article-title":"ICOADS Release 2.5: Extensions and enhancements to the surface marine meteorological archive","volume":"31","author":"Woodruff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6704","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009067","article-title":"EN4: Quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates: THE EN4 DATA SET","volume":"118","author":"Good","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JTECHO542.1","article-title":"Three-Way Error Analysis between AATSR, AMSR-E, and In Situ sea surface temperature observations","volume":"25","author":"Eyre","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7139","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010053","article-title":"An integrated database of ocean temperature and salinity observations","volume":"119","author":"Atkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2009.36","article-title":"The Argo Program: Observing the Global Oceans with Profiling Floats","volume":"22","author":"Roemmich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4749","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2131.1","article-title":"Decadal-Scale Temperature Trends in the Southern Hemisphere Ocean","volume":"21","author":"Gille","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/2013RG000434","article-title":"A review of uncertainty in in situ measurements and data sets of sea surface temperature: In situ sst uncertainty","volume":"52","author":"Kennedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/rog.20022","article-title":"A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change: Review of ocean observations","volume":"51","author":"Abraham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.028","article-title":"A reprocessing for climate of sea surface temperature from the along-track scanning radiometers: Initial validation, accounting for skin and diurnal variability effects","volume":"116","author":"Embury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.013","article-title":"Multi sensor validation and error characteristics of Arctic satellite sea surface temperature observations","volume":"121","author":"Karagali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merchant, C.J., Embury, O., Rayner, N.A., Berry, D.I., Corlett, G.K., Lean, K., Veal, K.L., Kent, E.C., Llewellyn-Jones, D.T., and Remedios, J.J. (2012). A 20 year independent record of sea surface temperature for climate from Along-Track Scanning Radiometers: SST for climate from atsrs. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JC008400"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802555796","article-title":"Comparison of AMSR-E and TMI sea surface temperature with Argo near-surface temperature over the Indian Ocean","volume":"30","author":"Rahman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828","article-title":"The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system","volume":"137","author":"Dee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Zweng, M.M., Reagan, J.R., Antonov, J.I., Seidov, D., and Biddle, M.M. (2017, June 26). World Ocean Atlas 2013, Volume 2, Salinity, Available online: https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/14848."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Boyer, T.P., Antonov, J.I., Baranova, O.K., Garcia, H.E., Johnson, D.R., Mishonov, A.V., O\u2019Brien, T.D., Seidov, D., Smolyar, I., and Zweng, M.M. (2013). World Ocean Database 2013, NOAA Printing Office."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Block, T., Embacher, S., Merchant, C.J., and Donlon, C. (2017). High performance software framework for the calculation of satellite-to-satellite data matchups (MMS version 1.2). Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-2017-54"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Schulzweida, U., Kornblueh, L., and Quast, R. (2010). CDO User\u2019s Guide\u2014Climate Data Operators, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010574","article-title":"In situ validation of sea surface temperatures from the GCOM-W1 AMSR2 RSS calibrated brightness temperatures: Validation of RSS GCOM-W1 SST","volume":"120","author":"Gentemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodgers, C.D. (2000). Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding\u2014Theory and Practice, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812813718"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wentz, F.J., and Meissner, T. (2000). AMSR Ocean Algorithm. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, Remote Sensing Systems.","DOI":"10.56236\/RSS-af"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-2861.1","article-title":"Scatterometer-based assessment of 10-m wind analyses from the operational ECMWF and NCEP Numerical weather prediction models","volume":"133","author":"Chelton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakobson, E., Vihma, T., Palo, T., Jakobson, L., Keernik, H., and Jaagus, J. (2012). Validation of atmospheric reanalyses over the central Arctic Ocean: Tara reanalyses validation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL051591"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J.-L.F., Waliser, D., Woods, C., Teixeira, J., Bacmeister, J., Chern, J., Shen, B.-W., Tompkins, A., Tao, W.-K., and K\u00f6hler, M. (2008). Comparisons of satellites liquid water estimates to ECMWF and GMAO analyses, 20th century IPCC AR4 climate simulations, and GCM simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL035427"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, J.H., Su, H., Zhai, C., Perun, V.S., Del Genio, A., Nazarenko, L.S., Donner, L.J., Horowitz, L., Seman, C., and Cole, J. (2012). Evaluation of cloud and water vapor simulations in CMIP5 climate models using NASA \u201cA-Train\u201d satellite observations: Evaluation of IPCC Ar5 model simulations. J. Geophys. Res. Amospheres, 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD017237"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<0353:TIVOSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Toward improved validation of satellite sea surface skin temperature measurements for climate research","volume":"15","author":"Donlon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2179662","article-title":"The emissivity of the ocean surface between 6 and 90 GHz over a large range of wind speeds and earth incidence angles","volume":"50","author":"Meissner","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascual, A., Faug\u00e8re, Y., Larnicol, G., and Le Traon, P.-Y. (2006). Improved description of the ocean mesoscale variability by combining four satellite altimeters. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024633"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Legeckis, R. (1978). A survey of worldwide sea surface temperature fronts detected by environmental satellites. J. Geophys. Res., 83.","DOI":"10.1029\/JC083iC09p04501"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20222","article-title":"Analysis of the potential and limitations of microwave radiometry for the retrieval of sea surface temperature: Definition of MICROWAT, a new mission concept: Sea Temperature from Microwaves","volume":"118","author":"Prigent","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2030322","article-title":"Accuracy of satellite sea surface temperatures at 7 and 11 GHz","volume":"48","author":"Gentemann","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merchant, C.J., Harris, A.R., Roquet, H., and Le Borgne, P. (2009). Retrieval characteristics of non-linear sea surface temperature from the advanced very high resolution radiometer. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL039843"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, S.L., Wick, G.A., Jackson, D.L., and Emery, W.J. (2008). Error characterization of infrared and microwave satellite sea surface temperature products for merging and analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC003829"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, S., Gille, S.T., Sprintall, J., and Gentemann, C. (2006). Validation of the advanced microwave scanning radiometer for the earth observing system (AMSR-E) sea surface temperature in the southern ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JC002934"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/2\/229\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:53:32Z","timestamp":1760194412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/2\/229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10020229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10020229","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]}}}