{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T04:06:23Z","timestamp":1769573183483,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Empirical methods based on band ratios to infer chlorophyll-a concentration by satellite do not perform well over the optically complex waters of the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf. Using a dataset of 93 match-ups, we explore an alternative method relying on empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) to develop an algorithm that relates the satellite-derived remote sensing reflectances to in situ chlorophyll-a concentration for the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). Results show that an accuracy of 41% at retrieving chlorophyll-a concentration can be reached using the EOF method compared to 140% for the widely-used Ocean Chlorophyll 4 (OC4v4) empirical algorithm, 53% for the Garver-Siegel-Maritorena (GSM01) and 54% for the Generalized Inherent Optical Property (GIOP) semi-analytical algorithms. This result is possible because the EOF approach is able to extract region-specific radiometric features from the satellite remote sensing reflectances that are related to absorption properties of optical components (water, coloured dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll-a) using the visible SeaWiFS channels. The method could easily be used with other ocean-colour satellite sensors (e.g., MODIS, MERIS, VIIRS, OLCI) to extend the time series for the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf waters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]],"date-time":"2018-02-09T12:46:27Z","timestamp":1518180387000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Chlorophyll-a Concentration Retrieval in the Optically Complex Waters of the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf Using Principal Component Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Julien","family":"Lalibert\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maurice-Lamontagne Institute, 850, route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Larouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maurice-Lamontagne Institute, 850, route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Devred","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1 Challenger Dr, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Oceanography and Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Savenkoff, C., Bourassa, M.N., Baril, D., and Beno\u00eet, H.P. (2007). Identification of Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas for the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Technical report."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lavoie, D., Starr, M., Zakardjian, B., and Larouche, P. (2007). Identification of Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas (EBSA) in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence: Primary Production, Technical report."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1139\/f82-108","article-title":"The Deep Chlorophyll Maximum: Comparing Vertical Profiles of Chlorophyll a","volume":"39","author":"Cullen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00397033","article-title":"Correlation of primary production as measured aboard in Southern California coastal waters and as estimated from satellite chlorophyll images","volume":"66","author":"Smith","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168308948552","article-title":"Remote sensing of phytoplankton in the sea: Surface-layer chlorophyll as an estimate of water-column chlorophyll and primary production","volume":"4","author":"Platt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GB001229","article-title":"Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean","volume":"14","author":"Laws","year":"2000","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"677","article-title":"The rocky road from research to operations for satellite ocean-colour data in fishery management","volume":"68","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1983.28.2.0320","article-title":"Day-to-day variations in the spring-summer photosynthetic parameters of coastal marine phytoplankton","volume":"28","author":"Platt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbq137","article-title":"Unveiling the mysteries of phytoplankton life cycles: patterns and opportunities behind complexity","volume":"33","author":"VonDassow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(97)00021-6","article-title":"Phytoplankton pigment in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, as determined by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner\u2014Part 1: Spatio-temporal variability","volume":"17","author":"Vezina","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.01.023","article-title":"How optically diverse is the coastal ocean?","volume":"160","author":"Vantrepotte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(96)00034-9","article-title":"Light absorption and fluorescence properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the St. Lawrence Estuary (Case 2 waters)","volume":"17","author":"Nieke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"\u00c7izmeli, S.A. (2008). Parameterization, Regionalization and Radiative Transfer Coherence of Optical Measurements Acquired in the St-Lawrence Ecosystem. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1989.34.1.0068","article-title":"Marine humic and fulvic acids: Their effects on remote sensing of ocean chlorophyll","volume":"34","author":"Carder","year":"1989","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.02.007","article-title":"Assessing the potential of SeaWiFS and MODIS for estimating chlorophyll concentration in turbid productive waters using red and near-infrared bands","volume":"96","author":"Gitelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.10.012","article-title":"An evaluation of MODIS and SeaWiFS bio-optical algorithms in the Baltic Sea","volume":"89","author":"Darecki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000067007","article-title":"Comparison of ship and satellite bio-optical measurements on the continental margin of the NE Gulf of Mexico","volume":"24","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Yayla, K.M. (2009). Approche Empirique de la T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection de la Chlorophylle D\u2019eaux \u00e0 Complexit\u00e9 Optique Dans L\u2019estuaire et le Golfe du Saint-Laurent. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke]."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Jacques, A. (2001). La T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection Passive de la Chlorophylle Dans L\u2019estuaire Maritime du Saint-Laurent Optimisation Spectrale Des Algorithmes et Application au SeaWiFs. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.12.012","article-title":"Global and regional evaluation of the SeaWiFS chlorophyll data set","volume":"93","author":"Gregg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Platt, T., Hoepffner, N., Stuart, V., and Brown, C. (2008). Why Ocean Colour? The Societal Benefits of Ocean-Colour Technology In Reports of the International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group, IOCCG."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.12.016","article-title":"Assessment and analysis of the chlorophyll-a concentration variability over the Vietnamese coastal waters from the MERIS ocean color sensor (2002\u20132012)","volume":"190","author":"Loisel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110071879","article-title":"A five channel chlorophyll concentration algorithm applied to SeaWiFS data processed by SeaDAS in coastal waters","volume":"23","author":"Gohin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.011","article-title":"Remote estimation of chl-a concentration in turbid productive waters\u2014Return to a simple two-band NIR-red model?","volume":"115","author":"Gurlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.15.000394","article-title":"Ocean color spectra measured off the Oregon coast: Characteristic vectors","volume":"15","author":"Mueller","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10694","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61110694","article-title":"An EOF-based algorithm to estimate chlorophyll a concentrations in Taihu Lake from MODIS land-band measurements: Implications for near real-time applications and forecasting models","volume":"6","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.09.024","article-title":"Estimation of diffuse attenuation of ultraviolet light in optically shallow Florida Keys waters from MODIS measurements","volume":"140","author":"Barnes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1584","article-title":"SeaUV and SeaUV C: Algorithms for the retrieval of UV\/Visible diffuse attenuation coefficients from ocean color","volume":"112","author":"Fichot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.007","article-title":"Deriving optical metrics of coastal phytoplankton biomass from ocean colour","volume":"119","author":"Craig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2015, November 12). Database of the Environmental Data Management System (EDMS) from Maurice Lamontagne Institute (MLI). Available online: http:\/\/ogsl.ca."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/30.1.3","article-title":"Fluorometric Determination of Chlorophyll","volume":"30","author":"Lorenzen","year":"1965","journal-title":"Journal Conseil International pour l\u2019Exploration de la Mer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1994.39.8.1985","article-title":"Fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b and pheopigments","volume":"39","author":"Welschmeyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Ocean Biology Processing Group (2015, November 12). Sea-viewingWide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Ocean Colour Data, Available online: https:\/\/oceandata.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov\/SeaWiFS\/L1."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.01.015","article-title":"A multi-sensor approach for the on-orbit validation of ocean color satellite data products","volume":"102","author":"Bailey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.03.022","article-title":"Uncertainties in coastal ocean color products: Impacts of spatial sampling","volume":"181","author":"Pahlevan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Devine, L., Plourde, S., Starr, M., St-Pierre, J.F., St-Amand, L., Joly, P., and Galbraith, P.S. (2015). Chemical and Biological Oceanographic Conditions in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence during 2014, Technical report."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.11.008","article-title":"Global distribution of Case-1 waters: An analysis from SeaWiFS measurements","volume":"101","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Ocean Biology Processing Group (2015, November 12). year=2014 Sea-viewingWide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Ocean Colour Data, NASA OB.DAAC, Greenbelt, MD, USA, Available online: https:\/\/oceandata.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov\/SeaWiFS\/Binned\/Cumulative\/RRS."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.12.006","article-title":"Evaluation of four atmospheric correction algorithms for MODIS-Aqua images over contrasted coastal waters","volume":"131","author":"Goyens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Stumpf, R.P., Arnone, R.A., Gould, R.W., and Ransibrahmanakul, V. (2003). A Partly Coupled Ocean\u2013Atmosphere Model for Retrieval of Water-Leaving Radiance from SeaWiFS in Coastal Waters."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7521","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.007521","article-title":"Estimation of near-infrared water-leaving reflectance for satellite ocean color data processing","volume":"18","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.005545","article-title":"New aerosol models for the retrieval of aerosol optical thickness and normalized water-leaving radiances from the SeaWiFS and MODIS sensors over coastal regions and open oceans","volume":"49","author":"Ahmad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2006.51.2.1167","article-title":"Seaborne measurements of near infrared water-leaving reflectance: The similarity spectrum for turbid waters","volume":"51","author":"Ruddick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2010.09.005","article-title":"Suspended particulate matter in the St. Lawrence estuary and Gulf surface layer and development of a remote sensing algorithm","volume":"90","author":"Larouche","year":"2010","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Legendre, P. (2015, November 12). lmodel2: Model II Regression. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/lmodel2\/lmodel2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szeto, M., Werdell, P.J., Moore, T.S., and Campbell, J.W. (2011). Are the world\u2019s oceans optically different?. J. Geophys. Res., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007230"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.03.025","article-title":"Regional to global assessments of phytoplankton dynamics from the SeaWiFS mission","volume":"135","author":"Siegel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160410001720298","article-title":"SeaWiFS ocean colour chlorophyll algorithms for the southern Baltic Sea","volume":"26","author":"Darecki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.5589\/m12-045","article-title":"Evaluation of ocean color algorithms in the southeastern Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic: New parameterization using SeaWiFS, MODIS, and MERIS spectral bands","volume":"38","author":"Mustapha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500382857","article-title":"Empirical and semi-analytical chlorophyll algorithms in the south-western Atlantic coastal region (25\u201340 S and 60\u201345 W)","volume":"27","author":"Garcia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2006.07.001","article-title":"Comparision of in situ and satellite-derived chlorophyll pigment concentrations, and impact of phytoplankton bloom on the suboxic layer structure in the western Black Sea during May\u2013June 2001","volume":"53","author":"Oguz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.02.012","article-title":"Regional and seasonal variability of chlorophyll-a in Chesapeake Bay as observed by SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua","volume":"113","author":"Werdell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6217","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802175579","article-title":"An appraisal of surface chlorophyll estimation by satellite remote sensing in the South China Sea","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.42.002754","article-title":"Remote-sensing reflectance in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas: Observations and models","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Werdell, P.J., Fargion, G.S., McClain, C.R., and Bailey, S.W. (2016, April 23). The SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS): Current Architecture and Implementation, Available online: https:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/archive\/nasa\/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov\/20020091607.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.41.002705","article-title":"Optimization of a semianalytical ocean color model for global-scale applications","volume":"41","author":"Maritorena","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.002019","article-title":"Generalized ocean color inversion model for retrieving marine inherent optical properties","volume":"52","author":"Werdell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-11-269-2014","article-title":"On the consistency of MODIS chlorophyll a products in the northern South China Sea","volume":"11","author":"Shang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Revelle, W. (2017). Psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research, Northwestern University. R package version 1.7.8."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venables, W.N., and Ripley, B.D. (2002). Modern Applied Statistics with S, Springer. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Akaike, H. (1973, January 2\u20138). Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood pri nciple. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Information Theory, Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.2307\/3803155","article-title":"Avoiding pitfalls when using information-theoretic methods","volume":"66","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00121323","article-title":"In-water and remote measurement of ocean color","volume":"18","author":"Morel","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2010.04.004","article-title":"Effects of phytoplankton species composition on absorption spectra and modelled hyperspectral reflectance","volume":"5","author":"Mao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.12.006","article-title":"Hyperspectral optical discrimination of phytoplankton community structure in Funka Bay and its implications for ocean color remote sensing of diatoms","volume":"159","author":"Isada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.05.022","article-title":"Performance and applicability of bio-optical algorithms in different European seas","volume":"124","author":"Zibordi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2202370","article-title":"Regional algorithms for European seas: A case study based on MERIS data","volume":"10","author":"Kajiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.11.001","article-title":"Evaluation of chlorophyll-a remote sensing algorithms for an optically complex estuary","volume":"129","author":"Le","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5417","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.005417","article-title":"Development of ocean color algorithms for estimating chlorophyll-a concentrations and inherent optical properties using gene expression programming (GEP)","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.008","article-title":"Remote sensing chlorophyll a of optically complex waters (rias Baixas, NW Spain): Application of a regionally specific chlorophyll a algorithm for MERIS full resolution data during an upwelling cycle","volume":"115","author":"Spyrakos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-16-0176.1","article-title":"Assessment of Radiometric Data from a Buoy in the St. Lawrence Estuary","volume":"34","author":"Jaegler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"IOCCG (2000). Remote Sensing of Ocean Colour in Coastal, and Other Optically Complex, Waters. Reports of the International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group, IOCCG."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/2\/265\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:54:19Z","timestamp":1760194459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/2\/265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10020265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10020265","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]}}}