{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T01:55:16Z","timestamp":1775613316436,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crop residue burning, which is a convenient approach to process excessive crop straws, has a negative impact on local and regional air quality and soil structures. China, as a major agricultural country with a large population, should take more effective measures to control crop residue burning. In this case, a better understanding of long-term spatio-temporal variations of crop residue burning in China is required. The MODIS products MOD14A1\/MYD14A1 were employed in this research. Meanwhile, due to the vast territory of China, we divided the study area into seven regions based on the national administrative divisions to examine crop residue burning in each region, respectively. The temporal analysis of crop residue burning in different regions demonstrates a fluctuated, but generally upward, trend from 2003 to 2017. For monthly variations of crop residue burning in different regions, detected fire spots in June mainly concentrated in Central China (CC), East China (EC), and North China (NC). A majority of detected fire spots in Northeast China (NEC) and Northwest China (NWC) appeared in April and October. For other months, a small number of fire spots were distributed in all regions in a scattered manner. Furthermore, from a spatio-temporal perspective, this research revealed that crop residue burning in NEC was the most active among all regions both in spring and autumn. For summer, EC holds a larger proportion of burning spots than other regions. For winter, the number of burning spots in most regions was close. This research conducts a comprehensive analysis of crop residue burning in China at both a national and regional scale. The methodology and results from this research provide useful reference for better monitoring and controlling crop residue burning in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T11:53:40Z","timestamp":1519991620000},"page":"390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Understanding Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Crop Residue Burning in China from 2003 to 2017 Using MODIS Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Ruiyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Beijing 100097, China"}]},{"given":"Danlu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4103-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Bingbo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, 11 Shuguang Huayuan Middle Road, Beijing 100097, China"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2004.09.005","article-title":"World crop residues production and implication of its use as a biofuel","volume":"31","author":"Lal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.09.040","article-title":"Study on spatial distribution of crop residue burning and PM2.5 change in China","volume":"220","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2014.03.015","article-title":"Burning straw, air pollution, and respiratory infections in China","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-017-0675-6","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutant emissions from open crop straw and biomass burnings in China from 2002 to 2016","volume":"16","author":"Mehmood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.025","article-title":"A review of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health and climate in China","volume":"579","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.01.004","article-title":"Air pollutant emissions from rice straw open field burning in India, Thailand and the Philippines","volume":"157","author":"Gadde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2016, November 08). THE PAPER. Available online: http:\/\/www.thepaper.cn\/newsDetail_forward_1557556."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9100971","article-title":"Examining the influence of crop residue burning on local PM2.5 concentrations in Heilongjiang Province using ground observation and remote sensing data","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2015.08.024","article-title":"Estimating emissions from crop residue open burning in China based on statistics and MODIS fire products","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.05.010","article-title":"New field-based agricultural biomass burning trace gas, PM2.5, and black carbon emission ratios and factors measured in situ at crop residue fires in Eastern China","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.24057\/2071-9388-2015-8-4-35-41","article-title":"Impact of the ambient air PM2.5 on cardiovascular diseases of Ulaanbaatar residents","volume":"4","author":"Enkhjargal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geogr. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9499","article-title":"Coarse Particulate Matter (PM2.5\u201310) Affects Heart Rate Variability, Blood Lipids, and Circulating Eosinophils in Adults with Asthma","volume":"115","author":"Yeatts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-011-0119-x","article-title":"Characterisation of Residue Burning from Agricultural System in India using Space Based Observations","volume":"39","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GH000049","article-title":"Spatial and temporal estimates of population exposure to wildfire smoke during the Washington state 2012 wildfire season using blended model, satellite, and in situ data","volume":"1","author":"Lassman","year":"2017","journal-title":"GeoHealth"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2017.05.013","article-title":"Mapping fire regimes in China using MODIS active fire and burned area data","volume":"85","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.028","article-title":"Approaches for synergistically exploiting VIIRS I- and M-Band data in regional active fire detection and FRP assessment: A demonstration with respect to agricultural residue burning in Eastern China","volume":"198","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802541549","article-title":"Satellite-derived 2003 wildfires in southern Siberia and their potential influence on carbon sequestration","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110932","article-title":"Development of a Multi-Spatial Resolution Approach to the Surveillance of Active Fire Lines Using Himawari-8","volume":"8","author":"Wickramasinghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11779","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02705","article-title":"Deriving High-Resolution Emission Inventory of Open Biomass Burning in China based on Satellite Observations","volume":"50","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2017, October 10). LAADS DACC ftp Server, Available online: ftp:\/\/ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Giglio, L. (2015). MODIS Collection 6 Active Fire Product User\u2019s Guide. Revision, A, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Justice, C., Giglio, L., Boschetti, L., Roy, D., Csiszar, I., Morisette, J., and Kaufman, Y. (2017, October 10). Algorithm Technical Background Document MODIS FIRE PRODUCTS, Available online: ftp:\/\/ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00184-6","article-title":"An Enhanced Contextual Fire Detection Algorithm for MODIS","volume":"87","author":"Giglio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(81)90021-3","article-title":"A Method for Satellite Identification of Surface Temperature Fields of Subpixel Resolution","volume":"11","author":"Dozier","year":"1981","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1311","article-title":"Identification of Subresolution High Temperature Sources Using a Thermal IR Sensor","volume":"47","author":"Matson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2017, October 10). Data Center. Available online: http:\/\/www.resdc.cn."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02837545","article-title":"The land use and land cover change database and its relative studies in China","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/17538940902951401","article-title":"A new global raster water mask at 250 m resolution","volume":"2","author":"Carroll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2016.12.042","article-title":"How does burning of rice straw affect CH4 and N2O emissions? A comparative experiment of different on-field straw management practices","volume":"239","author":"Romasanta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014014","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/1\/014014","article-title":"Contributions of open crop straw burning emissions to PM2.5 concentrations in China","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.10.020","article-title":"Air pollutant emissions from straw open burning: A case study in Tianjin","volume":"171","author":"Guan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2016, April 01). Department of Environmental Protection of Heilongjiang Province, Available online: http:\/\/www.hljdep.gov.cn\/xwzx\/hjyw\/2016\/04\/12292.html."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/3\/390\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:57:21Z","timestamp":1760194641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/3\/390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10030390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10030390","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]}}}