{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T10:53:12Z","timestamp":1785149592681,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]],"date-time":"2018-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alaska NSF EPSCoR","award":["OIA-1208927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OIA-1208927"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005730","name":"Alaska Space Grant Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Global Change Student Research Grant"},{"name":"State of Alaska"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Colville is an Arctic river in the Alaska North Slope. The residents of Nuiqsut rely heavily on the Colville for their subsistence needs. Increased erosion has been reported on the Colville, especially along bluffs, which shaped the goals of this study: to use remote sensing techniques to map and quantify erosion rates and the volume of land loss at selected bluff sites along the main channel of the Colville, and to assess the suitability of automated methods of regional erosion monitoring. We used orthomosaics from high resolution aerial photos acquired in 1955 and 1979\/1982, as well as high resolution WorldView-2 images from 2015 to quantify long-term erosion rates and the cubic volume of erosion. We found that, at the selected sites, erosion rates averaged 1 to 3.5 m per year. The erosion rate remained the same at one site and increased from 1955 to 2015 at two of the four sites. We estimated the volume of land loss to be in the magnitude of 166,000 m3 to 2.5 million m3 at our largest site. We also found that estimates of erosion were comparable for manual hand-digitized and automated methods, suggesting our automated method was effective and can be extended to monitor erosion at other sites along river systems that are bordered by bluffs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T07:37:25Z","timestamp":1520321845000},"page":"397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Remote Sensing of River Erosion on the Colville River, North Slope Alaska"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Cole","family":"Payne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1990-9479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santosh","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupma","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L14501","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030212","article-title":"Impact of the global warming on the fluvial thermal erosion over the Lena River in Central Siberia","volume":"34","author":"Costard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Tananaev, N.I. (2013). Hydrological and geocryological controls on fluvial activity of rivers in cold environments. Cold and Mountain Region Hydrological Systems under Climate Change: Towards Improved Projections, Proceedings of the H02, IAHS-IAPSO-IASPEI Assembly, Gothenburg, Sweden, 22\u201326 July 2013, IAHS Publ."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Walker, H. (1970). Some Aspects of Erosion and Sedimentation in an Arctic Delta during Breakup, Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/aman.12447","article-title":"Are mixed economies persistent or transitional? Evidence using social networks from Arctic Alaska","volume":"118","author":"BurnSilver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Schmidt, J., Kofinas, G., and Brinkman, T. Local Knowledge and Science: Observations of Landscape Change in the Nuiqsut Homelands, University of Alaska Anchorage and Fairbanks. Available online: http:\/\/www.alaska.edu\/epscor\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2174\/1874282301408010007","article-title":"Strong temperature increase and shrinking sea ice in Arctic Alaska","volume":"8","author":"Wendler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Atmos. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic4426","article-title":"Applicability of Synthetic Aperture Radar to investigate river ice breakup on the Kuparuk River, Northern Alaska","volume":"67","author":"Floyd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.592","article-title":"Fluvial thermal erosion investigations along a rapidly eroding river bank application to the Lena River (central Siberia)","volume":"28","author":"Costard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.10.023","article-title":"Patterns and rates of riverbank erosion involving ice-rich permafrost (yedoma) in northern Alaska","volume":"253","author":"Kanevskiy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stettner, S., Beamish, A.L., Bartsch, A., Heim, B., Grosse, G., Roth, A., and Lantuit, H. (2017). Monitoring inter-and intra-seasonal dynamics of rapidly degrading ice-rich permafrost riverbanks in the Lena Delta with TerraSAR-X time series. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010051"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shur, Y., Vasiliev, A., Kanevsky, M., Maximov, V., Pokrovsky, S., and Zaikanov, V. (2002). Shore Erosion in Russian Arctic. Cold Regions Engineering: Cold Regions Impacts on Transportation and Infrastructure, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering 2002, Anchorage, AK, USA, 20\u201322 May 2002, American Society of Civil Engineers.","DOI":"10.1061\/40621(254)63"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, J., Arnborg, L., and Peippo, J. (1987). Riverbank erosion in the Colville delta, Alaska. Phys. Geogr., 61\u201370.","DOI":"10.1080\/04353676.1987.11880197"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2018, January 18). Alaska EPSCoR Data Portal. Available online: http:\/\/epscor.alaska.edu\/search."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2018, January 18). Digital Globe Inc. Available online: https:\/\/www.digitalglobe.com."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2018, January 18). Polar Geospatial Center at the University of Minnesota. Available online: https:\/\/www.pgc.umn.edu."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2018, January 18). USGS Climate and Active-Layer Data, Available online: https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/ds\/812\/introduction.html."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2018, January 18). Weather Underground. Available online: https:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/weather\/us\/ak\/nuiqsut."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"127","article-title":"A GIS-based approach to mapping probabilities of river bank erosion: Regulated River Tummel, Scotland","volume":"16","author":"Winterbottom","year":"2000","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3290180905","article-title":"The measurement of river bank erosion and lateral channel change: A review","volume":"18","author":"Lawler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Swain, P., and Davis, S. (1978). Remote Sensing: A Quantitative Approach, McGraw-Hill Book Co."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, J. (1986). Remote Sensing Digital Image Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-02462-1"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"67","article-title":"Rapid maximum likelihood classification","volume":"57","author":"Bolstad","year":"1991","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Land cover change assessment using decision trees, support vector machines and maximum likelihood classification algorithms","volume":"12","author":"Otukei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Panda, S.K.W., and Whitley, M. (2016, January 12\u201316). Sixty-five Years of Colville River Dynamics and its Impact on Present River Navigability near Nuiqsut, North Slope of Alaska. Proceedings of the 14th International Circumpolar Remote Sensing Symposium, Homer, AK, USA. Available online: https:\/\/alaska.usgs.gov\/science\/geography\/CRSS2016\/posters_and_talks\/Whitley_ICRSS_Poster_compressed.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90048-B","article-title":"A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data","volume":"37","author":"Congalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1130\/G23672A.1","article-title":"Quantitative remote sensing study indicates doubling of coastal erosion rate in past 50 yr along a segment of the Arctic coast of Alaska","volume":"35","author":"Mars","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2005.07.001","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of georectified aerial photographs: Implications for measuring lateral channel movement in a GIS","volume":"74","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Walker, H.J., and McCloy, J.M. (1969). Morphologic Change in Two Arctic Deltas, Arctic Institute of North America."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL058951","article-title":"Changes in Arctic melt season and implications for sea ice loss","volume":"41","author":"Stroeve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"195","article-title":"Water discharge in the Colville River","volume":"48","author":"Arnborg","year":"1966","journal-title":"Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Gatto, L.W. (1995). Soil Freeze-Thaw Effects on Bank Erodibility and Stability, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab. Available online: http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/dtic\/tr\/fulltext\/u2\/a301818.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Are, F. (1983, January 17\u201322). Thermal Abrasion of Coasts. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Permafrost, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Brubaker, M., Bell, J., Dingman, H., Itta, M., and Kasak, K. (2014). Climate Change in Nuiqsut, Alaska, Strategies for Community Health, Publication of the Center for Climate and Health, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium. Available online: http:\/\/www.north-slope.org\/assets\/images\/uploads\/ANTHC_Nuiqsut_7-31-14_web_FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.1842","article-title":"Observing a catastrophic thermokarst lake drainage in northern Alaska","volume":"26","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Permafr. Periglac. Process."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/3\/397\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:57:32Z","timestamp":1760194652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/3\/397"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10030397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10030397","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]]}}}