{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T20:02:18Z","timestamp":1774641738681,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GSNL Marmara REgion Permanent Supersite"},{"name":"Norwegian Research Council, project HADES","award":["250661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["250661"]}]},{"name":"TUBITAK","award":["113Y102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113Y102"]}]},{"name":"TUBITAK ULAKBIM","award":["High Performance and Grid Computing Center (TRUBA resources)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["High Performance and Grid Computing Center (TRUBA resources)"]}]},{"name":"Bogazici University Research Fund","award":["12200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12200"]}]},{"name":"French Embassy in Turkey","award":["889075G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["889075G"]}]},{"name":"University Grenoble Alpes IDEX"},{"name":"Universite Grenoble Alpes LabeX OSUG@2020 project"},{"name":"CMIRA scholarship program by the Rhone-Alpes Region"},{"name":"AFAD","award":["UDAP-G-16-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UDAP-G-16-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification and measurement of ground deformations in urban areas is of great importance for determining the vulnerable parts of the cities that are prone to geohazards, which is a crucial element of both sustainable urban planning and hazard mitigation. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series analysis is a very powerful tool for the operational mapping of ground deformation related to urban subsidence and landslide phenomena. With an analysis spanning almost 25 years of satellite radar observations, we compute an InSAR time series of data from multiple satellites (European Remote Sensing satellites ERS-1 and ERS-2, Envisat, Sentinel-1A, and its twin sensor Sentinel-1B) in order to investigate the spatial extent and rate of ground deformation in the megacity of Istanbul. By combining the various multi-track InSAR datasets (291 images in total) and analysing persistent scatterers (PS-InSAR), we present mean velocity maps of ground surface displacement in selected areas of Istanbul. We identify several sites along the terrestrial and coastal regions of Istanbul that underwent vertical ground subsidence at varying rates, from 5 \u00b1 1.2 mm\/yr to 15 \u00b1 2.1 mm\/yr. The results reveal that the most distinctive subsidence patterns are associated with both anthropogenic factors and relatively weak lithologies along the Haramirede valley in particular, where the observed subsidence is up to 10 \u00b1 2 mm\/yr. We show that subsidence has been occurring along the Ayamama river stream at a rate of up to 10 \u00b1 1.8 mm\/yr since 1992, and has also been slowing down over time following the restoration of the river and stream system. We also identify subsidence at a rate of 8 \u00b1 1.2 mm\/yr along the coastal region of Istanbul, which we associate with land reclamation, as well as a very localised subsidence at a rate of 15 \u00b1 2.3 mm\/yr starting in 2016 around one of the highest skyscrapers of Istanbul, which was built in 2010.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T12:16:27Z","timestamp":1520338587000},"page":"408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Analysis of Secular Ground Motions in Istanbul from a Long-Term InSAR Time-Series (1992\u20132017)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9482-4382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gokhan","family":"Aslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3050-5619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyadin","family":"Cak\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5094-6599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Semih","family":"Ergintav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI), Bogazici University, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Lasserre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, UCBL, ENSL, CNRS, LGL-TPE, 69622 Villeurbanne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5125-5930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Renard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Physics of Geological Processes (PGP), The NJORD Centre, Department of Geosciences, UiO, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-015-9636-z","article-title":"Istanbul: The challenges of integrated water resources management in Europe\u2019s megacity","volume":"18","author":"Sjerps","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2017, October 15). European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Available online: http:\/\/www.ebrd.com\/english\/pa-ges\/project\/eia\/42163nts.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo739","article-title":"Slip-rate variability and distributed deformation in the Marmara Sea fault system","volume":"3","author":"Helgert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/369227a0","article-title":"Radar Interferometric mapping of deformation in the year after The Landers Earthquake","volume":"369","author":"Massonnet","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19617","DOI":"10.1029\/94JB01179","article-title":"On the derivation of coseismic displacement fields using differential radar interferometry: The Landers earthquake","volume":"99","author":"Zebker","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.2003.02001.x","article-title":"Coseismic and early postseismic slip associated with the 1999 Izmit earthquake (Turkey), from SAR interferometry and tectonic field observations","volume":"155","author":"Chabalier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggw048","article-title":"Fault locking near Istanbul: Indication of earthquake potential from InSAR and GPS observations","volume":"205","author":"Diao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2658","article-title":"The lateral extent of volcanic interactions during unrest and eruption","volume":"9","author":"Biggs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.01.057","article-title":"Persistent scatterer interferometry subsidence data exploitation using spatial tools: The vega media of the Segura river basin case study","volume":"400","author":"Herrera","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multi-temporal InSAR evidence of ground subsidence induced by groundwater withdrawal: The Montellano aquifer (SW Spain)","volume":"75","author":"Delgado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03352812","article-title":"InSAR-based mapping of the surface subsidence in Mokpo City, Korea, using JERS-1 and ENVISAT SAR data","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L05304","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL041644","article-title":"Measurements and predictions of subsidence induced by soil consolidation using persistent scatterer InSAR and a hyperbolic model","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-013-2793-1","article-title":"Monitoring of coal mining subsidence in peri-urban area of Zongundak city (NW Turkey) with persistent scatterer interferometry using ALOS-PALSAR","volume":"71","author":"Abdikan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076623","article-title":"Combining InSAR and GPS to determine transient movement and thickness of a seasonally active low-gradient translational landslide","volume":"45","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Colesanti, C., and Wasowski, J. (July, January 28). Satellite SAR interferometry for wide-area slope hazard detection and site-specific monitoring of slow landslides. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Landslides, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2256428","article-title":"Detecting subsidence in coastal areas by ultrashort-baseline TCPInSAR on the time series of high-resolution TerraSAR-X images","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2009.04126.x","article-title":"Ground deformation in an area later damaged by an earthquake: Monitoring the Avcilar district of Istanbul, Turkey, by satellite radar interferometry","volume":"178","author":"Akarvardar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"331","article-title":"InSAR data for monitoring land subsidence: Time to think big","volume":"372","author":"Ferretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, B., Feng, G., Li, Z., Wang, Q., Wang, C., and Xie, R. (2016). Coastal subsidence monitoring associated with land reclamation using the point target based SBAS-INSAR method: A case study of Shenzhen, China. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080652"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.04.018","article-title":"Sinkhole monitoring and early warning: An experimental and successful GB-InSAR application","volume":"241","author":"Intrieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7933","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6097933","article-title":"L- and X-band multi-temporal InSAR analysis of Tianjin subsidence","volume":"6","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-012-0595-y","article-title":"Monitoring ground surface deformation over the North China Plain using coherent ALOS PALSAR differential interferograms","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041774","article-title":"Deformation trend extraction based on multi-temporal InSAR in Shanghai","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mexico city subsidence observed with persistent scatterer InSAR","volume":"13","author":"Osmanoglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"199","article-title":"Lithology-controlled subsidence and seasonal aquifer response in the Bandung basin, Indonesia, observed by synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"32","author":"Khakim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1109\/36.868878","article-title":"Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry","volume":"38","author":"Ferretti","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1029\/2004EO340002","article-title":"InSAR permanent scatterer analysis reveals ups and downs in San Francisco Bay area","volume":"85","author":"Ferretti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.813278","article-title":"SAR monitoring of progressive and seasonal ground deformation using the permanent scatterers technique","volume":"41","author":"Colesanti","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"3","article-title":"Monitoring landslides and tectonic motions with the permanent scatterer technique","volume":"68","author":"Colesanti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng. Geol. Spec. Issue Remote Sens. Monit. Landslides"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Colesanti, C., Ferretti, A., Locatelli, R., Novali, F., and Savio, G. (2003, January 21\u201325). Permanent scatterers: Precision assessment and multi-platform analysis. Proceedings of the Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Tolouse, France."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16519","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71215842","article-title":"The space-borne SBAS-DInSAR technique as a supporting tool for sustainable urban policies: The case of Istanbul Megacity, Turkey","volume":"7","author":"Calo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1029\/2010EO360001","article-title":"Satellite monitoring of hazards: A focus on Istanbul, Turkey","volume":"91","author":"Walter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diao, F., Walter, T.R., Minati, F., Wang, R., Costantini, M., Ergintav, S., Xiong, X., and Prats-Iraola, P. (2016). Secondary Fault Activity of the North Anatolian Fault near Avcilar, Southwest of Istanbul: Evidence from SAR Interferometry Observations. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100846"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Emre, \u00d6., Duman, T.Y., \u00d6zalp, S., Elmaci, S., Olgun, S., and Saroglu, F. (2003). Active Fault Map of Turkey with and Explanatory Text, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s005310000104","article-title":"The tectonics of the Strandja Massif: Late Variscan and mid-Mesozoic deformation and metamorphism in the north Aegean","volume":"90","author":"Okay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2011.04941.x","article-title":"Structural framework of onshore and offshore Avcilar, Istanbul under the influence of the North Anatolian Fault","volume":"185","author":"Ergintav","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Duman, T.Y., and ve Arama Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, M.T. (2004). \u0130stanbul Metropol\u00fc Bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00e7ekmece-Silivri-\u00c7atalca Y\u00f6resi) Kentsel Geli\u015fme Alanlar\u0131n\u0131n Yerbilim Verileri, \u00d6zel Yay\u0131n Serisi 3."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"\u00d6zg\u00fcl, N., \u00dcner, K., Akme\u015fe, \u0130., Bilgin, \u0130., Kokuz, R., \u00d6zcan, \u0130., and Tekin, M. (2005). \u0130stanbul il Alan\u0131n\u0131n Genel Jeoloji \u00d6zellikleri, \u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir Belediyesi Deprem ve Zemin \u0130nceleme M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0296(02)00002-0","article-title":"Seismic amplification at Avcilar, Istanbul","volume":"24","author":"Tezcan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Ozmen, B. (2000). Damage Investigation of 17 August 1999 Izmit Earthquake."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-007-9122-5","article-title":"A fault zone cause of large amplification and damage in Avc\u0131lar (west of Istanbul) during 1999 Izmit earthquake","volume":"43","author":"Sen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Aykut, B. (2000). Damage and Site Response in Avc\u0131lar, West of Istanbul, Istanbul Technical University Press. The 1999 Izmit and Duzce Earthquake, Preliminary Results."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"85","article-title":"Earthquake damage, site response and building response in Avc\u0131lar, west of Istanbul, Turkey","volume":"24","author":"Cranswick","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hous. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1785\/0120000827","article-title":"Site effects in Avcilar, west of Istanbul, Turkey, from strong and weak motion data","volume":"92","author":"Ozel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2004.07.021","article-title":"Site amplification at Avc\u0131lar, Istanbul","volume":"391","author":"Ergin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Eyidogan, H. Analysis of Micro-Seismicity of Istanbul Greater City Area and Active Faults. Proceedings of the International Workshop on \u201cComparative Studies of the North Anatolian Fault (Northwest Turkey) and the San Andreas Fault (Southern California)\u201d."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Sen, S. (1994). Cekmece Golleri Aras\u0131ndaki Bolgesinin Jeolojisi ve Sedimenter Ozellikleri. [Unpublished MSc Thesis, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc]."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"\u015een, \u015e., Koral, H., and \u00d6nalan, M. (1996, January 22\u201324). Sedimentary and tectonic evidence for the relationship between the Istranca Massif, the Paleozoic of Istanbul and overlying Tertiary sequence. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Petroleum Geology and Petroleum Potential of the Black Sea Area, Sile, Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Kandilli Observatory Earth Research Institution (KOERI) (2000). The Earthquake Activities of the Marmara Region between 1990 and 2000, Bogazici Univ Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-004-0234-9","article-title":"Factors affecting the greater damage in the Avc\u0131lar area of Istanbul during the 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake","volume":"63","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"155","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping of Cekmece area (Istanbul, Turkey) by conditional probability","volume":"2","author":"Duman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-005-0026-y","article-title":"A geohazard reconnaissance study based on geoscientific information for development needs of the western region of Istanbul (Turkey)","volume":"4","author":"Duman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Einfalt, T., and Keskin, F. (2010). Analysis of the Istanbul Flood 2009, BALWOIS 2010 Scientific Conference on Water Observation and Information System for Decision Support."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0521-x","article-title":"Analysis of the Marmara flood in Turkey, 7-1- September 2009: An assessment from hydrometerological perspective","volume":"66","author":"Komuscu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Ozcan, O., and Musaoglu, N. (June, January 31). Vulnerability analysis of floods in urban areas using remote sensing and GIS. Proceedings of the 30th EARSeL Symposium: Remote Sensing for Science, Education and Culture, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Burak, S., and Kucukakca, E. (2015, January 12\u201317). Impact of Land Reclamation on the Coastal Areas in Istanbul. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly Conference, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2017, November 28). TMMOB, Hurriyet Daily News. Available online: http:\/\/www.hurriyetdailynews.com\/six-square-kilometers-of-istanbuls-land-reclaimed-from-the-sea-117884."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/5.838084","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"88","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Kampes, B., and Stefania, U. (1999, January 16\u201320). Doris: The Delft Object-Oriented Radar Interferometric Software. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Operationalization of Remote Sensing, Enschede, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1029\/2011EO280002","article-title":"Open Radar Interferometry Software for Mapping Surface Deformation","volume":"92","author":"Sandwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eos Trans. AGU"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16302","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034654","article-title":"A multi-temporal InSAR method incorporating both persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches","volume":"35","author":"Hooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2011.10.013","article-title":"Recent advances in SAR interferometry time series analysis for measuring crustal deformation","volume":"514\u2013517","author":"Hooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.08.004","article-title":"Land subsidence characteristics of Bandung Basin as revealed by ENVISAT ASAR and ALOS PALSAR interferometry","volume":"154","author":"Ge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Samieie-Esfahany, S., Hanssen, R., van Thienen-Visser, K., and Muntendam-Bos, A. (December, January 30). On the effect of horizontal deformation on InSAR subsidence estimates. Proceedings of the Fringe 2009 Workshop, Frascati, Italy."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11200-012-1147-x","article-title":"Kinematics of landslide estimated by repeated GPS measurements in the Avcilar region of Istanbul, Turkey","volume":"57","author":"Dogan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stud. Geophys. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, X., Oommen, T., Lu, Z., Wang, T., and Kim, J.W. (2017). Consolidation settlement of Salt Lake County tailings impoundment revealed by time-series InSAR observations from multiple radar satellites. Remote Sens. Environ., 199\u2013209.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.05.023"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Kilic, H., Ozener, P.T., Yildirim, M., Ozaydin, K., and Adatepe, S. (2005, January 12\u201316). Evaluation of Kucukcekmece region with respect to soil amplification. Proceedings of the International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Osaka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Plant, G.W., Covil, C.S., and Hughes, R.A. (1998). Site Preparation for the New Hong Kong International Airport\u2014Thomas Telford, Institution of Civil Engineers Publishing."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/3\/408\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:57:42Z","timestamp":1760194662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/3\/408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10030408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10030408","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]]}}}