{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T01:53:18Z","timestamp":1770515598734,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,8]],"date-time":"2018-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish National Space Board","award":["Dnr. 94\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dnr. 94\/04"]}]},{"name":"Swedish National Space Board","award":["Dnr. 93\/06:1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dnr. 93\/06:1"]}]},{"name":"Swedish National Space Board","award":["147\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["147\/12"]}]},{"name":"EU FP6","award":["SPICOSA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPICOSA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007633","name":"MISTRA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RESE5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RESE5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to retrieve geophysical satellite products in coastal waters with high coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM), models and processors require parameterization with regional specific inherent optical properties (sIOPs). The sIOPs of the Baltic Sea were evaluated and compared to a global NOMAD\/COLORS Reference Data Set (RDS), covering a wide range of optical provinces. Ternary plots of relative absorption at 442 nm showed CDOM dominance over phytoplankton and non-algal particle absorption (NAP). At 670 nm, the distribution of Baltic measurements was not different from case 1 waters and the retrieval of Chl a was shown to be improved by red-ratio algorithms. For correct retrieval of CDOM from Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) data, a different CDOM slope over the Baltic region is required. The CDOM absorption slope, SCDOM, was significantly higher in the northwestern Baltic Sea: 0.018 (\u00b10.002) compared to 0.016 (\u00b10.005) for the RDS. Chl a-specific absorption and ad [SPM]*(442) and its spectral slope did not differ significantly. The comparison to the MERIS Reference Model Document (RMD) showed that the SNAP slope was generally much higher (0.011 \u00b1 0.003) than in the RMD (0.0072 \u00b1 0.00108), and that the SPM scattering slope was also higher (0.547 \u00b1 0.188) vs. 0.4. The SPM-specific scattering was much higher (1.016 \u00b1 0.326 m2 g\u22121) vs. 0.578 m2 g\u22121 in RMD. SPM retrieval could be improved by applying the local specific scattering. A novel method was implemented to derive the phase function (PF) from AC9 and VSF-3 data. \r\n          \r\n            \r\n              \r\n                \r\n                  \r\n                    b\r\n                  \r\n                  \u02dc\r\n                \r\n              \r\n            \r\n          \r\n         was calculated fitting a Fournier\u2013Forand PF to the normalized VSF data. \r\n      \r\n        \r\n          \r\n            b\r\n            \u02dc\r\n          \r\n        \r\n      \r\n     was similar to Petzold, but the PF differed in the backwards direction. Some of the sIOPs showed a bimodal distribution, indicating different water types\u2014e.g., coastal vs. open sea. This seems to be partially caused by the distribution of inorganic particles that fall out relatively close to the coast. In order to improve remote sensing retrieval from Baltic Sea data, one should apply different parameterization to these distinct water types, i.e., inner coastal waters that are more influenced by scattering of inorganic particles vs. open sea waters that are optically dominated by CDOM absorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,8]],"date-time":"2018-03-08T12:07:33Z","timestamp":1520510853000},"page":"418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Inherent Optical Properties of the Baltic Sea in Comparison to Other Seas and Oceans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0992-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Kratzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6170-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Optika, Crofters, Middle Dimson, Gunnislake PL18 9NQ, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Voipio, A. (1981). The Baltic Sea, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snoeijs-Leijonmalm, P., Schubert, H., and Radziejewska, T. (2017). Why is the Baltic Sea so special to live in?. Biological Oceanography of the Baltic Sea, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0668-2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2005.12.005","article-title":"Modelling absorption by CDOM in the Baltic Sea from season, \u2028salinity and chlorophyll","volume":"101","author":"Kowalczuk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-009-9769-x","article-title":"Using bio-optics to investigate the extent of coastal waters: A Swedish case study","volume":"629","author":"Kratzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Kirk, J.T.O. (1984). Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-4343(95)00075-5","article-title":"Optical measurements in the North Sea-Baltic Sea transition zone. I. On the origin of the deep water in the Kattegat","volume":"16","author":"Holt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-015-0658-4","article-title":"Relationships between colored dissolved organic matter and dissolved organic carbon in different coastal gradients of the Baltic Sea","volume":"44","author":"Harvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"AMBIO"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Harvey, T. (2015). Bio-Optics, Satellite Remote Sensing and Baltic Sea Ecosystems: Applications for Monitoring and Management. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600972961","article-title":"Validation of MERIS Level-2 products in the Baltic Sea, the Namibian coastal area and the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"28","author":"Ohde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Long-term changes in Secchi depth and the role of phytoplankton in explaining light attenuation in the Baltic Sea","volume":"102","author":"Laamanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160410001720270","article-title":"Empirical relationships between Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) absorption and apparent optical properties in Baltic Sea waters","volume":"26","author":"Kowalczuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.2001.0828","article-title":"Trophic status of the South-Eastern Baltic Sea: A comparison of coastal and open areas","volume":"53","author":"Wasmund","year":"2001","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"691","article-title":"Inherent optical properties of suspended particulate matter in the southern Baltic Sea","volume":"53","author":"Meler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"063568","article-title":"Validation of MERIS bio-optical products with in situ data in the turbid Lithuanian Baltic Sea coastal waters","volume":"6","author":"Bresciani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/lom3.10033","article-title":"Robust remote sensing algorithms to derive the diffuse attenuation coefficient for lakes and coastal waters","volume":"13","author":"Alikas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Alikas, K., Kratzer, S., and Reinart, A. (2012, January 8\u201312). Robust Kd(490) and Secchi algorithms for remote sensing of optically complex waters. Proceedings of the Ocean Optics XXI Conference, Glasgow, UK."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6764","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.963898","article-title":"Analysis of natural background and dredging-induced changes in TSM concentration from MERIS images near commercial harbours in the Estonian coastal sea","volume":"35","author":"Raag","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"959","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations in coloured dissolved organic matter in large and shallow Estonian water bodies","volume":"14","author":"Toming","year":"2009","journal-title":"Boreal Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.5697\/oc.56-4.737","article-title":"Regional algorithms for the estimation of chlorophyll and suspended matter concentration in the Gulf of Finland from MODIS-Aqua satellite data","volume":"56","author":"Vazyulya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2006.10.006","article-title":"A case study of airborne and satellite remote sensing of a spring bloom event in the Gulf of Finland","volume":"27","author":"Koponen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2006.09.004","article-title":"Long-term changes in summer phytoplankton communities of the open northern Baltic Sea","volume":"71","author":"Suikkanen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2008)37[86:LDOINA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Long-term development of inorganic nutrients and chlorophyll \u03b1 in the open northern Baltic Sea","volume":"37","author":"Laamanen","year":"2008","journal-title":"AMBIO"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/09670269500650851","article-title":"The gas vesicles, buoyancy and vertical distribution of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea","volume":"30","author":"Walsby","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Carpenter, E.J., and Capone, D.G. (2013). Marine Pelagic Cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium and Other Diazotrophs, Springer Science and Business Media."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps101001","article-title":"Cyanobacterial blooms cause heating of the sea surface","volume":"101","author":"Kahru","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Subramaniam, A., Kratzer, S., Carpenter, J.C., and S\u00f6derb\u00e4ck, E. (2000, January 1\u20133). Remote sensing and optical in-water measurements of a cyanobacteria bloom in the Baltic Sea. Best of plenary session. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, Charleston, SC, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Jerlov, N. (1976). Marine Optics. Elsevier Oceanography Series 14, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Bukata, R.P., Jerome, J.H., Kondratyev, K.Y., and Pozdnyakov, D.V. (1995). Optical Properties and Remote Sensing of Inland and Coastal Waters, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2005.11.010","article-title":"The Optical Properties of Mineral Suspended Particles: A Review and Synthesis","volume":"67","author":"Bowers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbq133","article-title":"An assessment of MERIS algal products during an intense bloom in Lake of the Woods","volume":"33","author":"Binding","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2004.03.005","article-title":"Model studies of transport of sedimentary material in the western Baltic","volume":"52","author":"Kuhrts","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Preisendorfer, R.W. (1960, January 4\u20135). Application of Radiative Transfer theory to Light Measurements in the Sea. Proceedings of the Symposium on Radiant Energy in the Sea, International Union of Geodetic and Geophysics, Helsinki, Finland."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.30.004427","article-title":"Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters: Its dependence on sun angle as influenced by the molecular scattering contribution","volume":"30","author":"Morel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petzold, T.J. (1972). Volume Scattering Functions for Selected Natural Waters, Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla Ca Visibility Laboratory. No. SIO-REF-72-78.","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0753474"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Wang, M. (2010). Atmospheric correction for remotely-sensed ocean-colour products. Reports and Monographs of the International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG), IOCCG. Available online: www.vliz.be\/imisdocs\/publications\/ocrd\/259206.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.39.003582","article-title":"Atmospheric correction of satellite ocean color imagery: The black pixel assumption","volume":"39","author":"Siegel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1977.22.4.0709","article-title":"Analysis of variations in ocean color","volume":"22","author":"Morel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699212434","article-title":"The atmospheric correction of water colour and the quantitative retrieval of suspended particulate matter in Case II waters: Application to MERIS","volume":"20","author":"Moore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/4\/4\/045005","article-title":"Estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in case II waters using MODIS and MERIS data\u2014Successes and challenges","volume":"4","author":"Moses","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.12.006","article-title":"Evaluation of four atmospheric correction algorithms for MODIS-Aqua images over contrasted coastal waters","volume":"131","author":"Goyens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mobley, C.D. (1995). Hydrolight 3.0 Users Guide, SRI International. SRIRI Project 5632.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA306564"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6289","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.41.006289","article-title":"Bidirectional reflectance of oceanic waters: Accounting for Raman emission and varying particle phase function","volume":"41","author":"Morel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600821127","article-title":"The MERIS Case 2 water algorithm","volume":"28","author":"Doerffer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1992.37.8.1660","article-title":"Bio-optical characteristics of coastal waters: Absorption spectra of phytoplankton and pigment distribution in the western North Atlantic","volume":"37","author":"Hoepffner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13321","DOI":"10.1029\/95JC00463","article-title":"Variability in the chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficients of natural phytoplankton: Analysis and parameterization","volume":"100","author":"Bricaud","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Kratzer, S. (2000). Bio-Optical Studies of Coastal Waters. [Ph.D. Thesis, School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.10.006","article-title":"Using MERIS full resolution data (300 m spatial resolution) to monitor coastal waters\u2014A case study from Himmerfj\u00e4rden, a fjord-like bay in the northwestern Baltic Sea","volume":"112","author":"Kratzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.5697\/oc.52-2.211","article-title":"Improvement of MERIS level 2 products in baltic sea coastal areas by applying the improved Contrast between Ocean and Land Processor (ICOL)\u2014Data analysis and validation","volume":"52","author":"Kratzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.5194\/os-10-377-2014","article-title":"Evaluation of MERIS products from Baltic Sea coastal waters rich in CDOM","volume":"10","author":"Kratzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Doerffer, R. (2002). Protocols for the Validation of MERIS Water Products, GKSS. European Space Agency Doc. No. PO-TN-MEL-GS-0043."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5627","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701601774","article-title":"Retrieval of atmospheric and oceanic properties from MERIS measurements: A new Case-2 water processor for BEAM","volume":"28","author":"Schroeder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.007","article-title":"Deriving optical metrics of coastal phytoplankton biomass from ocean colour","volume":"119","author":"Craig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniak, M., Craig, S., Kratzer, S., Wojtasiewicz, B., and Darecki, M. (2017). A Novel Statistical Approach for Ocean Colour Estimation of Inherent Optical Properties and Cyanobacteria Abundance in Optically Complex Waters. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9040343"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toming, K., Kutser, T., Uiboupin, R., Arikas, A., Vahter, K., and Paavel, B. (2017). Mapping Water Quality Parameters with Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Instrument imagery in the Baltic Sea. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9101070"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2018, February 21). ESA, Reference Model for MERIS Level 2 Processing, 3rd MERIS Reprocessing. Available online: https:\/\/earth.esa.int\/documents\/10174\/1462454\/Envisat_MERIS_RMD_Third-Reprocessing_Level-2\/."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2018, February 21). ESA ESOV Software Tool. Available online: https:\/\/earth.esa.int\/web\/guest\/software-tools\/-\/article\/esov-software-tools-esov-ng-and-esov-classic-1652."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2018, February 21). Ask\u00f6 Laboratory, Baltic Sea Centre. Available online: http:\/\/www.su.se\/ostersjocentrum\/english\/ask\u00f6-laboratory."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2018, February 21). Baltic Sea Watch System (BAWS), Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). Available online: https:\/\/www.smhi.se\/klimatdata\/oceanografi\/algsituationen."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2018, February 21). The Baltic Sea Remote Sensing. Available online: http:\/\/www.spicosa.eu\/setnet\/downloads\/."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2018, February 21). Blender Open Source 3D Creation. Available online: http:\/\/www.blender.org."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2018, February 21). NOMAD: NASA Bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Dataset, Available online: https:\/\/seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov\/wiki\/NOMAD."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.07.001","article-title":"An improved in-situ bio-optical data set for ocean color algorithm development and satellite data product validation","volume":"98","author":"Werdell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2018, February 21). Data Base if the EU MAST Project (MAS3-CT97-0087) COLORS: Coastal Region Long-Term Measurements for Colour Remote Sensing Development and Validation. Available online: http:\/\/databases.eucc-d.de\/plugins\/projectsdb\/project.php?show=234."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2018, February 21). WetLabs AC9\/ACS Protocol Documents. Available online: ftp:\/\/misclab.umeoce.maine.edu\/classes\/OO2017\/labs_resources\/lab2\/acprotq_ac9_protocol.pdf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8710","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.008710","article-title":"Absorption spectrum (380\u2013700 nm) of pure water. II. Integrating cavity measurements","volume":"36","author":"Pope","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.32.003531","article-title":"Refractive indices of water and ice in the 0.65- to 2.5-\u00b5m spectral range","volume":"32","author":"Kou","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Optics"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Jerlov, N.G., and Steemann-Nielsen, E. (1974). Optical properties of pure water and pure sea water. Optical Aspects of Oceanography, Academic."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1993.38.1.0188","article-title":"Temperature dependent absorption of water in the red and near infrared portions of the spectrum","volume":"38","author":"Pegau","year":"1993","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6035","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.006035","article-title":"Absorption and attenuation of visible and near-infrared light in water: The dependence on temperature and salinity","volume":"36","author":"Pegau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5294","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.005294","article-title":"The hyperspectral temperature and salt dependencies of absorption by water and heavy water in the 400\u2013750 nm spectral range","volume":"45","author":"Sullivan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6463","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.31.006463","article-title":"Monte Carlo modeling of the performance of a reflective tube absorption meter","volume":"31","author":"Kirk","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.5194\/os-8-567-2012","article-title":"In situ determination of the remote sensing reflectance: An inter-comparison","volume":"8","author":"Zibordi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2003)20<563:ANMFTM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A New Method for the Measurement of the Optical Volume Scattering Function in the Upper Ocean","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean Tech."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Strickland, J.H.D., and Parsons, T.R. (1972). A Practical Handbook of Sea-Water Analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin 167, Fisheries Research Board of Canada. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-3796(17)30778-3","article-title":"New spectrophotometric equation for determining chlorophyll a, b, c1 and c2","volume":"167","author":"Jeffrey","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Parsons, T.R., Maita, Y., and Lalli, C.M. (1984). A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis, Pergamon Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Jeffrey, S.W., Mantoura, R.F.C., and Wright, S.W. (1997). Appendix F: Spectrophotometric and fluorometric equations in common use in oceanography. Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography. Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, UNESCO Publishing."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600815533","article-title":"An intercomparison of in vitro chlorophyll a determinations for MERIS level 2 data validation","volume":"28","author":"Grung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1038\/1791302a0","article-title":"A non-extractive method for the quantitative estimation of chlorophyll in algal cultures","volume":"179","author":"Yentsch","year":"1957","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"634","article-title":"Estimation of the spectral absorption coefficients of phytoplankton in the sea","volume":"37","author":"Kishino","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1993.38.6.1321","article-title":"Quantifying absorption by aquatic particles: A multiple scattering correction for glass-fiber filters","volume":"38","author":"Cleveland","year":"1993","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.41.001035","article-title":"Phase function effects on oceanic light fields","volume":"41","author":"Mobley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14129","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC000404","article-title":"A model for estimating bulk refractive index from the optical backscattering ratio and the implications for understanding particle composition in case I and case II waters","volume":"106","author":"Twardowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24109","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.024109","article-title":"Algorithms for remote estimation of chlorophyll-a in coastal and inland waters using red and near infrared bands","volume":"18","author":"Gilerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8524","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098524","article-title":"Evaluation of satellite retrievals of ocean chlorophyll-a in the California current","volume":"6","author":"Kahru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L09605","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL043227","article-title":"Optically black waters in the northern Baltic Sea","volume":"37","author":"Berthon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC900278","article-title":"Artificial neural networks for modeling the transfer function between marine reflectance and phytoplankton pigment concentration","volume":"105","author":"Gross","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.013","article-title":"Comparison of different satellite sensors in detecting cyanobacterial bloom events in the Baltic Sea","volume":"102","author":"Reinart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"209","article-title":"Two models for absorption by coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM)","volume":"44","author":"Schwarz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JC000882","article-title":"Variations in the light absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, nonalgal particles, and dissolved organic matter in coastal waters around Europe","volume":"108","author":"Babin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.004","article-title":"The global distribution of phytoplankton size spectrum and size classes from their light-absorption spectra derived from satellite data","volume":"139","author":"Roy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simis, S.G.H., Yl\u00f6stalo, P., Kallio, K.Y., Spilling, K., and Kutser, T. (2017). Contrasting seasonality in optical-biogeochemical properties of the Baltic Sea. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173357"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2003.48.2.0843","article-title":"Light scattering properties of marine particles in coastal and open ocean waters as related to the particle mass concentration","volume":"48","author":"Babin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160410001723709","article-title":"Ocean colour remote sensing relevant water constituents and optical properties of the Baltic Sea","volume":"26","author":"Siegel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12763","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.012763","article-title":"Improved method of Fournier-Forand marine phase function parameterization","volume":"15","author":"Freda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"(2017, December 19). BEAM ESA Earth Observation and Science Tool. Available online: http:\/\/www.brockmann-consult.de\/beam\/."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"(2017, December 19). SNAP ESA Earth Observations and Science Tools. Available online: http:\/\/step.esa.int\/main\/toolboxes\/snap\/."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/3\/418\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:56:15Z","timestamp":1760194575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/3\/418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,8]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10030418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10030418","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,8]]}}}