{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T08:36:42Z","timestamp":1773304602931,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]],"date-time":"2018-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/13\/B\/ST10\/02111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/13\/B\/ST10\/02111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The albedo of bare soil depends on its organic matter, iron oxide, carbonate contents, and reflectance geometry, features considered stable over time, and also depends on salinity, moisture and roughness, which change dynamically due to agricultural practices. This paper deals with the quantitative estimation of the amount of shortwave radiation that could be reflected by air-dried bare soils in clear-sky conditions within arable lands in Israel throughout the year, assuming that they were shaped by a plough, a disk harrow, or a smoothing harrow. An area of bare soils was extracted from Landsat 8 images, within the contours of arable lands. The radiation reflected from the bare soils was calculated by equations predicting variations in their half-diurnal albedo as the solar zenith angle function. Accordingly, laboratory reflectance data of Israeli soil samples were used. The results clearly showed annual variation in the amount of short-wave radiation reflected from all bare soils within arable lands. The minimum radiation occurred in the winter, between the 1st and 70th day of the year (DOY), and the maximum was identified in the summer between 200th and 250th DOY. This could reach about 3\u20135 PJ\/day and 16\u201323 PJ\/day, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]],"date-time":"2018-03-09T12:17:41Z","timestamp":1520597861000},"page":"419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Shortwave Radiation Affected by Agricultural Practices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Cierniewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Remote Sensing of Soils, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144, Bogumi\u0142a Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Ceglarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Remote Sensing of Soils, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144, Bogumi\u0142a Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"given":"Arnon","family":"Karnieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Laboratory, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion, University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus, Sede-Boker 84990, Israel"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Ben-Dor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Geography, School of Earth Science Faculty of Exact Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69989, Israel"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Kr\u00f3lewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Remote Sensing of Soils, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144, Bogumi\u0142a Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8964-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cezary","family":"Ka\u017amierowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Remote Sensing of Soils, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144, Bogumi\u0142a Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobos, E. (2006). Albedo. Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/NOE0849338304.ch15"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Oke, T.R. (1992). Boundary Layer Climates, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"7962","article-title":"Vegetation effect on land surface albedo: Method to separate vegetation albedo from the underlying surface using satellite data","volume":"7","author":"Rechid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(08)60672-0","article-title":"Reflectance properties of soils","volume":"38","author":"Baumgardner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv. Agron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1971.03615995003500060043x","article-title":"Measuring Radiance Characteristics of Soil with a Field Spectroradiometer1","volume":"35","author":"Cipra","year":"1971","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ss.0000146024.61559.e2","article-title":"Soil reflectance as a tool for assessing physical crust arrangement of four typical soils in israel","volume":"169","author":"Goldshleger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Mikhajlova, N.A., and Orlov, D.S. (1986). Opticheskie Svoystva Pochv i Pochvennych Komponentov, Russ. Nauka."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2000.6431035x","article-title":"Surface roughness effects on soil albedo","volume":"64","author":"Matthias","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s007040050062","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Changes in Rainfall Frequency Distribution Patterns in Israel","volume":"61","author":"Bitan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1029\/RG012i003p00447","article-title":"Climate modeling","volume":"12","author":"Schneider","year":"1974","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davin, E.L., de Noblet-Ducoudr\u00e9, N., and Friedlingstein, P. (2007). Impact of land cover change on surface climate: Relevance of the radiative forcing concept. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029678"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49708737205","article-title":"The radiation balance of bare soil and vegetation","volume":"87","author":"Monteith","year":"1961","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Lewis, P., and Barnsley, M.J. (1994, January 17\u201321). Influence of the Sky Radiance Distribution on Various Formulations of the Earth Surface Albedo. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, Val d\u2019Isere, France."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-004-7403-z","article-title":"Variation of surface albedo and soil thermal parameters with soil moisture content at a semi-desert site on the western Tibetan Plateau","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2004.12.009","article-title":"van de Tillage and surface moisture effects on bare-soil albedo of a tropical loamy sand","volume":"85","author":"Oguntunde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2330691","article-title":"Effects of soil surface irregularities on the diurnal variation of soil broadband blue-sky albedo","volume":"8","author":"Cierniewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)00061-Q","article-title":"Remote sensing of the land surface for studies of global change: Models\u2014Algorithms\u2014Experiments","volume":"51","author":"Sellers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2000)039<0231:TIOTDV>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Impact of the Diurnal Variation of Albedo on the Remote Sensing of the Daily Mean Albedo of Grassland","volume":"39","author":"Grant","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2234440","article-title":"Effects of soil roughness on the optimal time of cultivated soils observation by satellites for the soils average diurnal albedo approximation","volume":"6","author":"Cierniewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cierniewski, J., Krolewicz, S., Kazmierowski, C., Ceglarek, J., and Kusz, P. (2015, January 26\u201331). Shortwave radiation reflected from the territory of Poland throughout the year as an effect of smoothing soils previously plowed and harrowed. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2015.7326860"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-16-0126.1","article-title":"Annual dynamics of shortwave radiation as consequence of smoothing of previously plowed and harrowed soils in Poland","volume":"56","author":"Cierniewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Richter, R., and Schlapfer, D. (2018, March 09). Atmospheric\/Topographic Correction for Satellite Imagery-ATCOR2\/3 User Guide. Available online: http:\/\/www.rese.ch\/pdf\/atcor3_manual.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Ravikovitch, S. (1969). Guidebook and Map of Israel Soils, Hebrew University Magnes Press."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Soil Survey Staff Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual (2014). Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 51, Version 2.0."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2017.05.033","article-title":"Predicting the diurnal blue-sky albedo of soils using their laboratory reflectance spectra and roughness indices","volume":"200","author":"Cierniewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2006.03.018","article-title":"Estimating soil roughness indices on a ridge-and-furrow surface using stereo photogrammetry","volume":"93","author":"Taconet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Rick, G., and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/02626669609491522","article-title":"Use of remote sensing for evapotranspiration monitoring over land surfaces","volume":"41","author":"Kustas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.12.054","article-title":"Uncertainty assessment of surface net radiation derived from Landsat images","volume":"175","author":"Mira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/3\/419\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:56:21Z","timestamp":1760194581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/3\/419"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10030419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10030419","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]]}}}