{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:08Z","timestamp":1780444808223,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,19]],"date-time":"2018-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visible and near-infrared (VIS\u2013NIR) spectroscopy has been extensively applied to estimate soil organic matter (SOM) in the laboratory. However, if field\/moist VIS\u2013NIR spectra can be directly applied to estimate SOM, then much of the time and labor would be avoided. Spectral derivative plays an important role in eliminating unwanted interference and optimizing the estimation model. Nonetheless, the conventional integer order derivatives (i.e., the first and second derivatives) may neglect some detailed information related to SOM. Besides, the full-spectrum generally contains redundant spectral variables, which would affect the model accuracy. This study aimed to investigate different combinations of fractional order derivative (FOD) and spectral variable selection techniques (i.e., competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), elastic net (ENET) and genetic algorithm (GA)) to optimize the VIS\u2013NIR spectral model of moist soil. Ninety-one soil samples were collected from Central China, with their SOM contents and reflectance spectra measured. Support vector machine (SVM) was applied to estimate SOM. Results indicated that moist spectra differed greatly from dried ground spectra. With increasing order of derivative, the spectral resolution improved gradually, but the spectral strength decreased simultaneously. FOD could provide a better tool to counterbalance the contradiction between spectral resolution and spectral strength. In full-spectrum SVM models, the most accurate estimation was achieved by SVM model based on 1.5-order derivative spectra, with validation R2 = 0.79 and ratio of the performance to deviation (RPD) = 2.20. Of all models studied (different combinations of FOD and variable selection techniques), the highest validation model accuracy for SOM was achieved when applying 1.5 derivative spectra and GA method (validation R2 = 0.88 and RPD = 2.89). Among the three variable selection techniques, overall, the GA method yielded the optimal predictability. However, due to its long computation time, one alternative was to use CARS method. The results of this study confirm that a suitable combination of FOD and variable selection can effectively improve the model performance of SOM in moist soil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]],"date-time":"2018-03-20T06:57:11Z","timestamp":1521529031000},"page":"479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Combining Fractional Order Derivative and Spectral Variable Selection for Organic Matter Estimation of Homogeneous Soil Samples by VIS\u2013NIR Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7442-3239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiyun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation of Hubei Province, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaolin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Finance and Administration, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu 233030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4443-9440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006247623877","article-title":"Soil respiration and the global carbon cycle","volume":"48","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2004.01.032","article-title":"Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change","volume":"123","author":"Lal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12490","article-title":"Rs-local data-mines information from spectral libraries to improve local calibrations","volume":"68","author":"Lobsey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. 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