{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T19:30:48Z","timestamp":1771356648042,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO. 2016YFA0600103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 2016YFA0600103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2016YFB0501404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2016YFB0501404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forests affect local climate through biophysical processes in terrestrial ecosystems. Due to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of ecosystems in Europe, climate responses to forests vary considerably with diverse geographic and seasonal patterns. Few studies have used an empirical analysis to examine the effect of forests on temperature and the role of the background climate in Europe. In this study, we aimed to quantitatively determine the effects of forest on temperature in different seasons with MODIS (MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) land surface temperature (LST) data and in situ air temperature measurements. First, we compared the differences in LSTs between forests and nearby open land. Then, we paired 48 flux sites with nearby weather stations to quantify the effects of forests on surface air temperature. Finally, we explored the role of background temperatures on the above forests effects. The results showed that (1) forest in Europe generally increased LST and air temperature in northeastern Europe and decreased LST and air temperature in other areas; (2) the daytime cooling effect was dominate and produced a net cooling effect from forests in the warm season. In the cold season, daytime and nighttime warming effects drove the net effect of forests; (3) the effects of forests on temperatures were mainly negatively correlated with the background temperatures in Europe. Under extreme climate conditions, the cooling effect of forests will be stronger during heatwaves or weaker during cold spring seasons; (4) the background temperature affects the spatiotemporal distribution of differences in albedo and evapotranspiration (forest minus open land), which determines the spatial, seasonal and interannual effects of forests on temperature. The extrapolation of the results could contribute not only to model validation and development but also to appropriate land use policies for future decades under the background of global warming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T12:51:56Z","timestamp":1522327916000},"page":"529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Local Effects of Forests on Temperatures across Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0075-8818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bijian","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bijian 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bijian 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Wenqian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bijian 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155121","article-title":"Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests","volume":"320","author":"Bonan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal1727","article-title":"Satellites reveal contrasting responses of regional climate to the widespread greening of Earth","volume":"356","author":"Forzieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3299","article-title":"Climate mitigation from vegetation biophysical feedbacks during the past three decades","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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