{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T08:33:29Z","timestamp":1774600409590,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]],"date-time":"2018-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA","award":["NNX16AP80A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX16AP80A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A multilayer, daily ice surface temperature (IST)\u2013albedo\u2013water vapor product of Greenland, extending from March 2000 through December 2016, has been developed using standard MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data products from the Terra satellite. To meet the needs of the ice sheet modeling community, this new Earth Science Data Record (ESDR) is provided in a polar stereographic projection in NetCDF format, and includes the existing standard MODIS Collection 6.1 IST and derived melt maps, and Collection 6 snow albedo and water vapor maps, along with ancillary data, and is provided at a spatial resolution of ~0.78 km. This ESDR enables relationships between IST, surface melt, albedo, and water vapor to be evaluated easily. We show examples of the components of the ESDR and describe some uses of the ESDR such as for comparison with skin temperature, albedo, and water vapor output from Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). Additionally, we show validation of the MODIS IST using in situ and aircraft data, and validation of MERRA-2 skin temperature maps using MODIS IST and in situ data. The ESDR has been assigned a DOI and will be available through the National Snow and Ice Data Center by the summer of 2018.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]],"date-time":"2018-04-04T12:42:57Z","timestamp":1522845777000},"page":"555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A Multilayer Surface Temperature, Surface Albedo, and Water Vapor Product of Greenland from MODIS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Dorothy K.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA\/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"given":"Richard I.","family":"Cullather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA\/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"given":"Nicolo E.","family":"DiGirolamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA\/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"},{"name":"Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (SSAI), Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}]},{"given":"Josefino C.","family":"Comiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA\/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"given":"Brooke C.","family":"Medley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA\/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"given":"Sophie M.","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA\/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL059010","article-title":"An improved mass budget for the Greenland ice sheet","volume":"41","author":"Enderlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8978","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017313108","article-title":"Committed sea-level rise for the next century from Greenland ice sheet dynamics during the past decade","volume":"108","author":"Price","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrf.20081","article-title":"Insights into spatial sensitivities of ice mass response to environmental change from the SeaRISE ice sheet modeling project II: Greenland","volume":"118","author":"Nowicki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4835","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00635.1","article-title":"Evaluation of the surface representation of the Greenland ice sheet in a general circulation model","volume":"27","author":"Cullather","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4785","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00365.1","article-title":"A Satellite-Derived Climate-Quality Data Record of the Clear-Sky Surface Temperature of the Greenland Ice Sheet","volume":"25","author":"Hall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.825587","article-title":"Sea ice surface temperature product from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)","volume":"42","author":"Hall","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-1509-2014","article-title":"The Greenland Ice Mapping Project (GIMP) land classification and surface elevation data sets","volume":"8","author":"Howat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Zwally, H.J., Giovinetto, M.B., Beckley, M.A., and Saba, J.L. (2012). Antarctic and Greenland Drainage Systems, GSFC Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Moeller, C., and Frey, R. (2018, January 09). Terra MODIS Collection 6.1 Calibration and Cloud Product Changes, Available online: https:\/\/modis-atmosphere.gsfc.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/ModAtmo\/C6.1_Calibration_and_Cloud_Product_Changes_UW_frey_CCM_1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Riggs, G.A., Hall, D.K., and Salomonson, V.V. (2006). MODIS Sea Ice Products User Guide, The College of Information Sciences and Technology."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3189\/172756402781817662","article-title":"Development and validation of a snow albedo algorithm for the MODIS instrument","volume":"34","author":"Klein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.009","article-title":"Evaluation of the MODIS (MOD10A1) daily snow albedo product over the Greenland ice sheet","volume":"105","author":"Stroeve","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-6-821-2012","article-title":"Greenland ice sheet albedo feedback: Thermodynamics and atmospheric drivers","volume":"6","author":"Box","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-341-2015","article-title":"Seasonal changes in surface albedo of Himalayan glaciers from MODIS data and links with the annual mass balance","volume":"9","author":"Brun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.11.023","article-title":"Spatial scaling of reflectance and surface albedo over a mixed-use, temperate forest landscape during snow-covered periods","volume":"158","author":"Burakowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-477-2016","article-title":"The darkening of the Greenland ice sheet: Trends, drivers, and projections (1981\u20132100)","volume":"10","author":"Tedesco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.05.030","article-title":"Evaluation of satellite remote sensing albedo retrievals over the ablation area of the southwestern Greenland ice sheet","volume":"198","author":"Moustafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"4389","article-title":"Water vapor retrievals using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) near-infrared channels","volume":"108","author":"Gao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073557","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.7.073557","article-title":"Terra and Aqua moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer collection 6 level 1B algorithm","volume":"7","author":"Toller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9319","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL065912","article-title":"Neither dust nor black carbon causing apparent albedo decline in Greenland\u2019s dry snow zone: Implications for MODIS C5 surface reflectance","volume":"42","author":"Polashenski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-1781-2017","article-title":"Impact of MODIS sensor calibration updates on Greenland ice sheet surface reflectance and albedo trends","volume":"11","author":"Casey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50240","article-title":"Variability in the surface temperature and melt extent of the Greenland ice sheet from MODIS","volume":"40","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenny, B., Wu, A., Madhavan, S., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Chen, N., Chiang, K.-F., and Xiong, X. (2012, January 24\u201327). MODIS TEB calibration approach in Collection 6. Proceedings of the Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XVI, Edinburgh, UK.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.974231"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, A., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Madhavan, S., Wenny, B., Chen, N., and Xiong, X. (2014, January 13\u201316). Adjusting Aqua MODIS TEB nonlinear calibration coefficients using iterative solution. Proceedings of the Earth Observing Missions and Sensors: Development, Implementation, and Characterization III, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2069246"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, T., Wu, A., Shrestha, A., Geng, X., Wang, Z., Moeller, C., Frey, R., and Xiong, X. (2017). Development and Implementation of an Electronic Crosstalk Correction for Bands 27\u201330 in Terra MODIS Collection 6. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060569"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-701-2018","article-title":"Characterization of Canadian High Arctic glacier surface albedo from MODIS C6 data, 2001\u20132016","volume":"12","author":"Mortimer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-14-0023.1","article-title":"Comparison of near-surface air temperatures and MODIS ice-surface temperatures at Summit, Greenland (2008\u20132013)","volume":"53","author":"Shuman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073661","article-title":"How robust are in-situ observations for validating satellite-derived albedo over the dark zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet?","volume":"44","author":"Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-907-2018","article-title":"Near-surface thermal stratification during summer at Summit, Greenland, and its relation to MODIS-derived surface temperatures","volume":"12","author":"Adolph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-14-0175.1","article-title":"Uncertainties of temperature measurements on snow-covered land and sea ice from in-situ and MODIS data during BROMEX","volume":"54","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-1591-2017","article-title":"Evaluation of Greenland near surface air temperature datasets","volume":"11","author":"Eyre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0758.1","article-title":"The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2)","volume":"30","author":"Gelaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2003)016<3498:WTITAF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Warming trends in the Arctic","volume":"16","author":"Comiso","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078065","article-title":"Recent trends in Arctic surface, cloud, and radiation properties from space","volume":"299","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(97)89497-7","article-title":"High-latitude surface temperature estimates from thermal satellite data","volume":"61","author":"Key","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Tschudi, M., Riggs, G.A., Hall, D.K., and Rom\u00e1n, M.O. (2016). NASA S-NPP VIIRS Ice Surface Temperature Collection 1 User Guide, National Aeronautics and Space Administration."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/4\/555\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:59:36Z","timestamp":1760194776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/4\/555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10040555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10040555","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]]}}}