{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T04:38:23Z","timestamp":1773808703483,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,6]],"date-time":"2018-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement No 703978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement No 703978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007652","name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FEDER 2014\u20132020 (Operational programme for smart growth) project RTA2014-00063-C04-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER 2014\u20132020 (Operational programme for smart growth) project RTA2014-00063-C04-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Savannas are among the most variable, complex and extensive biomes on Earth, supporting livestock and rural livelihoods. These water-limited ecosystems are highly sensitive to changes in both climatic conditions, and land-use\/management practices. The integration of Earth Observation (EO) data into process-based land models enables monitoring ecosystems status, improving its management and conservation. In this paper, the use of the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) model for estimating surface energy fluxes is evaluated over a Mediterranean oak savanna (dehesa). A detailed analysis of TSEB formulation is conducted, evaluating how the vegetation architecture (multiple layers) affects the roughness parameters and wind profile, as well as the reliability of EO data to estimate the ecosystem parameters. The results suggest that the assumption of a constant oak leaf area index is acceptable for the purposes of the study and the use of spectral information to derive vegetation indices is sufficiently accurate, although green fraction index may not reflect phenological conditions during the dry period. Although the hypothesis for a separate wind speed extinction coefficient for each layer is partially addressed, the results show that taking a single oak coefficient is more precise than using bulk system coefficient. The accuracy of energy flux estimations, with an adjusted Priestley\u2013Taylor coefficient (0.9) reflecting the conservative water-use tendencies of this semiarid vegetation and a roughness length formulation which integrates tree structure and the low fractional cover, is considered adequate for monitoring the ecosystem water use (RMSD ~40 W m\u22122).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T13:06:08Z","timestamp":1523365568000},"page":"567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Modeling Surface Energy Fluxes over a Dehesa (Oak Savanna) Ecosystem Using a Thermal Based Two-Source Energy Balance Model (TSEB) I"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Andreu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IFAPA\u2014Consejer\u00eda de Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural, Centro Alameda del Obispo, Apdo. 3092, 14080 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5727-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Kustas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS Hydrology &amp; Remote Sensing Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Bldg 007 BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Polo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fluvial Dynamics and Hydrology Research Group, Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, University of C\u00f3rdoba, Campus Rabanales, Edificio Leonardo da Vinci, \u00c1rea de Ingenier\u00eda Hidr\u00e1ulica, 14017 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Carrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterr\u00e1neo (CEAM), Carrer de Charles Robert Darwin, 14, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Dugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFAPA\u2014Consejer\u00eda de Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural, Centro Alameda del Obispo, Apdo. 3092, 14080 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sankaran, M., and Ratnam, J. 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