{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T18:06:27Z","timestamp":1776362787609,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,9]],"date-time":"2018-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Assessment of actual evapotranspiration (ET) is essential as it controls the exchange of water and heat energy between the atmosphere and land surface. ET also influences the available water resources and assists in the crop water assessment in agricultural areas. This study involves the assessment of spatial distribution of seasonal and annual ET using Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and provides an estimation of future changes in ET due to land use and climate change for a portion of the Narmada river basin in Central India. Climate change effects on future ET are assessed using the ACCESS1-0 model of CMIP5. A Markov Chain model estimated future land use based on the probability of changes in the past. The ET analysis is carried out for the years 2009\u20132011. The results indicate variation in the seasonal ET with the changed land use. High ET is observed over forest areas and crop lands, but ET decreases over crop lands after harvest. The overall annual ET is high over water bodies and forest areas. ET is high in the premonsoon season over the water bodies and decreases in the winter. Future ET in the 2020s, 2030s, 2040s, and 2050s is shown with respect to land use and climate changes that project a gradual decrease due to the constant removal of the forest areas. The lowest ET is projected in 2050. Individual impact of land use change projects decreases in ET from 1990 to 2050, while climate change effect projects increases in ET in the future due to rises in temperature. However, the combined impacts of land use and climate changes indicate a decrease in ET in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T13:06:08Z","timestamp":1523365568000},"page":"578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Projecting Climate and Land Use Change Impacts on Actual Evapotranspiration for the Narmada River Basin in Central India in the Future"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sananda","family":"Kundu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth, Ocean and the Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth, Ocean and the Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Khare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Earth Science Branch, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"}]},{"given":"Venkat","family":"Lakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth, Ocean and the Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6636","article-title":"Estimates of spatial variation in evaporation using satellite-derived surface temperature and a water balance model","volume":"22","author":"Bouwer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2003.07.004","article-title":"A hierarchical partitioning method for optimizing irrigation strategies","volume":"80","author":"Bergez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00271-007-0088-6","article-title":"ET mapping for agricultural water management: Present status and challenges","volume":"26","author":"Gowda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Irrig. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2018, April 02). Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Available online: http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/ipccreports\/tar\/wg2\/index.php?idp=29."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.215.4539.1498","article-title":"Influence of land-surface evapotranspiration on the earth\u2019s climate","volume":"215","author":"Shukla","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM533.1","article-title":"Soil moisture memory in AGCM simulations: Analysis of global land\u2013atmosphere coupling experiment (GLACE) data","volume":"7","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2014.06.005","article-title":"Reference evapotranspiration variability and trends in Spain, 1961\u20132011","volume":"121","author":"Revuelto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wiesner, C.J. (1970). Climate, Irrigation and Agriculture, Angus and Robertson."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.3390\/s7102028","article-title":"A wetness index using terrain-corrected surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index derived from standard MODIS products: An evaluation of its use in a humid forest-dominated region of eastern Canada","volume":"7","author":"Hassan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2014.10.037","article-title":"Estimation of potential evapotranspiration from extraterrestrial radiation, air temperature and humidity to assess future climate change effects on the vegetation of the Northern Great Plains, USA","volume":"297","author":"King","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.009","article-title":"Evaluation of the MODIS (MOD10A1) daily snow albedo product over the Greenland ice sheet","volume":"105","author":"Stroeve","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.04.011","article-title":"Effect of climate change on reference evapotranspiration and aridity index in arid region of China","volume":"492","author":"Huo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2014.944904","article-title":"Estimation of actual evapotranspiration by using MODIS images (a case study: Tajan catchment)","volume":"61","author":"Rahimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Agron. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.001","article-title":"Temporal upscaling of instantaneous evapotranspiration: An intercomparison of four methods using eddy covariance measurements and MODIS data","volume":"138","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-012-1569-8","article-title":"The global energy balance from a surface perspective","volume":"40","author":"Wild","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2002)128:1(11)","article-title":"Irrigation performance using hydrological and remote sensing modeling","volume":"128","author":"Droogers","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2005)131:1(85)","article-title":"Sebal model with remotely sensed data to improve water-resources management under actual field conditions","volume":"131","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:4(380)","article-title":"Satellite-based energy balance for mapping evapotranspiration with internalized calibration (metric)\u2014Model","volume":"133","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(97)00072-X","article-title":"Remotely-sensed regional-scale evapotranspiration of a semi-arid Great Basin Desert and its relationship to geomorphology, soils, and vegetation","volume":"21","author":"Laymon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Morse, A., Tasumi, M., Allen, R.G., and Kramber, W.J. (2000). Application of the SEBAL Methodology for Estimating Consumptive Use of Water and Streamflow Depletion in the Bear River Basin of Idaho through Remote Sensing, Idaho Department of Water Resources."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.019","article-title":"Estimation and comparison of evapotranspiration from MODIS and AVHRR sensors for clear sky days over the southern great plains","volume":"103","author":"Batra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.07.006","article-title":"Scale influences on the remote estimation of evapotranspiration using multiple satellite sensors","volume":"105","author":"McCabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2008.02.005","article-title":"Land cover classification of the north China plain using MODIS-EVI time series","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8495","DOI":"10.1002\/2013WR014240","article-title":"Mapping evapotranspiration trends using MODIS and SEBAL model in a data-scarce and heterogeneous landscape in eastern Africa","volume":"49","author":"Kiptala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2012.04.005","article-title":"Estimation of daily evapotranspiration over Africa using MODIS\/TERRA and SEVIRI\/MSG data","volume":"112","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4672","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20349","article-title":"A data fusion approach for mapping daily evapotranspiration at the field scale","volume":"49","author":"Cammalleri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.11.001","article-title":"Mapping daily evapotranspiration at field scales over rainfed and irrigated agricultural areas using remote sensing data fusion","volume":"186","author":"Cammalleri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(98)00253-4","article-title":"A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL). 1. Formulation","volume":"212","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(98)00254-6","article-title":"A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL): Part 2: Validation","volume":"212","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2010.11.039","article-title":"Evapotranspiration estimation based on the SEBAL model in the Nansi lake wetland of China","volume":"54","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-013-0587-8","article-title":"Evapotranspiration estimation based on MODIS products and surface energy balance algorithms for land (SEBAL) model in Sanjiang plain, northeast china","volume":"23","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2008.792.2","article-title":"Thermal-infrared technology for local and regional scale irrigation analyses in horticultural systems","volume":"792","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"2008","journal-title":"ActaHortic"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-013-0360-x","article-title":"A modified sebal modeling approach for estimating crop evapotranspiration in semi-arid conditions","volume":"27","author":"Papadavid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-12-1129-2008","article-title":"Satellite-based energy balance model to estimate seasonal evapotranspiration for irrigated sorghum: A case study from the Gezira scheme, Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Bashir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s40996-016-0036-x","article-title":"Evapotranspiration estimation using remote sensing technology based on SEBAL algorithm","volume":"41","author":"Abrishamkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2006.301","article-title":"Application of SEBAL approach and modis time-series to map vegetation water use patterns in the data scarce Krishna river basin of India","volume":"53","author":"Ahmad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2015.1076062","article-title":"Assessment and validation of evapotranspiration using SEBAL algorithm and lysimeter data of IARI agricultural farm, India","volume":"31","author":"Bala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"89","article-title":"Irrigation water management modeling in canal command using remote sensing","volume":"55","author":"Parmar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Arid Zone"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"191","article-title":"Application of SEBAL model to estimate Evapotranspiration in Doon Valley, India","volume":"44","author":"Jana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Soil Conserv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2009.09.021","article-title":"Integrating remote sensing, census and weather data for an assessment of rice yield, water consumption and water productivity in the Indo-Gangetic river basin","volume":"97","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2016.05.012","article-title":"A coupled remote sensing and the surface energy balance based algorithms to estimate actual evapotranspiration over the western and southern regions of Saudi Arabia","volume":"124","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(99)00202-4","article-title":"SEBAL-based sensible and latent heat fluxes in the irrigated Gediz basin, turkey","volume":"229","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.11.028","article-title":"An intercomparison of the surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) and the two-source energy balance (TSEB) modeling schemes","volume":"108","author":"Timmermans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-13-1061-2009","article-title":"Estimation of actual evapotranspiration of Mediterranean perennial crops by means of remote-sensing based surface energy balance models","volume":"13","author":"Minacapilli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(14)60951-5","article-title":"Water consumption in summer maize and winter wheat cropping system based on SEBAL model in Huang-Huai-Hai plain, China","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2514121","article-title":"An improved method for deriving daily evapotranspiration estimates from satellite estimates on cloud-free days","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1009648","article-title":"Evapotranspiration estimation over agricultural plains using MODIS data for all sky conditions","volume":"36","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00271-014-0445-1","article-title":"Spatial mapping of evapotranspiration over Devils lake basin with SEBAL: Application to flood mitigation via irrigation of agricultural crops","volume":"33","author":"Steele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Irrig. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.12.043","article-title":"Evaluating landsat 8 evapotranspiration for water use mapping in the colorado river basin","volume":"185","author":"Senay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2418817","article-title":"Assessment of a remote sensing energy balance methodology (SEBAL) using different interpolation methods to determine evapotranspiration in a citrus orchard","volume":"8","author":"Castel","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"75","article-title":"Evaluating five remote sensing based single-source surface energy balance models for estimating daily evapotranspiration in a humid subtropical climate","volume":"49","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.12.005","article-title":"Evaluation of two end-member-based models for regional land surface evapotranspiration estimation from MODIS data","volume":"202","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2015.12.001","article-title":"Comparison of three remote sensing based models to estimate evapotranspiration in an oasis-desert region","volume":"165","author":"Lian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR017772","article-title":"Impact of scale\/resolution on evapotranspiration from Landsat and MODIS images","volume":"52","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.03.012","article-title":"Is scale really a challenge in evapotranspiration estimation? A multi-scale study in the Heihe oasis using thermal remote sensing and the three-temperature model","volume":"230","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2015.1031762","article-title":"Coupling SEBAL with a new radiation module and MODIS products for better estimation of evapotranspiration","volume":"61","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.022","article-title":"Accuracy comparison of remotely sensed evapotranspiration products and their associated water stress footprints under different land cover types in Korean peninsula","volume":"155","author":"Liaqat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/19479832.2015.1055834","article-title":"Region-and pixel-based image fusion for disaggregation of actual evapotranspiration","volume":"6","author":"Alidoost","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Data Fusion"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M. (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration-Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements-FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, FAO."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Bastiaanssen, W.G.M. (2018, April 02). Regionalization of surface flux densities and moisture indicators in composite terrain. In a Remote Sensing Approach under Clear Skies in Mediterranean Climates, Available online: http:\/\/library.wur.nl\/WebQuery\/wda\/918192."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697219286","article-title":"Multi-sensor analysis of NDVI, surface temperature and biophysical variables at a mixed grassland site","volume":"18","author":"Goetz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Allen, R., Tasumi, M., Trezza, R., Waters, R., and Bastiaanssen, W. (2018, April 02). Sebal (surface energy balance algorithms for land). In Advance Training and Users Manual\u2013Idaho Implementation, Version, Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/file.PostFileLoader.html?id=5635f25060614b180d8b4567&assetKey=AS%3A290936253894656%401446376016229."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2005.10.002","article-title":"Monitoring and predicting land use change in Beijing using remote sensing and GIS","volume":"78","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-014-0476-2","article-title":"Forest cover change prediction using hybrid methodology of geoinformatics and markov chain model: A case study on sub-himalayan town Gangtok, India","volume":"123","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondal, A., Khare, D., Kundu, S., Mishra, P., and Meena, P. Landuse Change Prediction and Its Impact on surface Run-Off Using Fuzzy C-Mean, Markov Chain and Curve Number Methods. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Soft Computing for Problem, Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-81-322-1768-8_33.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-1768-8_33"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6408","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126408","article-title":"Multi-decadal mangrove forest change detection and prediction in Honduras, central America, with Landsat imagery and a Markov chain model","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqurashi, A.F., Kumar, L., and Sinha, P. (2016). Urban land cover change modelling using time-series satellite images: A case study of urban growth in five cities of Saudi Arabia. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100838"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4600","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6054600","article-title":"External validation of the Aster GDEM2, gmted2010 and CGIAR-CSI-SRTM v4. 1 free access digital elevation models (DEMs) in Tunisia and Algeria","volume":"6","author":"Athmania","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2307\/2529003","article-title":"Clustering methods based on likelihood ratio criteria","volume":"27","author":"Scott","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Wang, G., He, G., and Liu, J. (2012, January 7\u20139). A New Classification Method for High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Image Based on Mapping Mechanism. Proceedings of the International Conference on Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA\u201912), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.2001.0509","article-title":"Land use change analysis in the Zhujiang delta of china using satellite remote sensing, GIS and stochastic modelling","volume":"64","author":"Weng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accre.2017.08.003","article-title":"Downscaled climate change projections for the Hindu Kush Himalayan region using CORDEX South Asia regional climate models","volume":"8","author":"Sanjay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Chang. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(90)90100-K","article-title":"Remote estimation of soil moisture availability and fractional vegetation cover for agricultural fields","volume":"52","author":"Carlson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215595","article-title":"A simple single layer model to estimate transpiration from vegetation using multi-spectral and meteorological data","volume":"19","author":"Kalluri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.03.023","article-title":"Development and verification of a non-linear disaggregation method (NL-DisTrad) to downscale MODIS land surface temperature to the spatial scale of Landsat thermal data to estimate evapotranspiration","volume":"135","author":"Bindhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.07.004","article-title":"Statistical analysis of land surface temperature\u2013vegetation indexes relationship through thermal remote sensing","volume":"121","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.11.007","article-title":"Impacts of urban biophysical composition on land surface temperature in urban heat island clusters","volume":"135","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.01.001","article-title":"Characterizing the relationship between land use land cover change and land surface temperature","volume":"124","author":"Tran","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210821","article-title":"Gac NDVI images: Relationship to rainfall and potential evaporation in the grazing lands of the Gourma (Northern Sahel) and in the croplands of the Niger-Nigeria border (Southern Sahel)","volume":"21","author":"Milich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadavid, G., Neocleous, D., Kountios, G., Markou, M., Michailidis, A., Ragkos, A., and Hadjimitsis, D. (2017). Using SEBAL to Investigate How Variations in Climate Impact on Crop Evapotranspiration. J. Imaging, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging3030030"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.04.061","article-title":"Individual and combined impacts of future climate and land use changes on the water balance","volume":"105","author":"Kundu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0183071","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183071","article-title":"The dominant role of climate change in determining changes in evapotranspiration in Xinjiang, China from 2001 to 2012","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/4\/578\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:00:01Z","timestamp":1760194801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/4\/578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,9]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10040578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10040578","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,9]]}}}