{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T20:08:34Z","timestamp":1775160514175,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"foundation of director of Institute of Seismology, CEA","award":["IS201616248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS201616248"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41401428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41401428"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Time series monitoring of earthquake-stricken areas is significant in evaluating post-disaster reconstruction and recovery. The time series of nighttime light (NTL) data collected by the defense meteorological satellite program-operational linescan system (DMSP\/OLS) sensors provides a unique and valuable resource to study changes in human activity (HA) because of the long period of available data. In this paper, the DMSP\/OLS NTL images\u2019 digital number (DN) is used as a proxy for the intensity of HA since there is a high correlation between them. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology to analyze the changes of intensity and distribution of HA in different areas affected by a 2008 earthquake in Wenchuan, China. In order to compare the trends of HA before and after the earthquake, the DMSP\/OLS NTL images from 2003 to 2013 were processed and analyzed. However, their analysis capability is greatly limited owing to a lack of in-flight calibration. To improve the continuity and comparability of DMSP\/OLS NTL images, this study developed an automatic intercalibration method to systematically correct NTL data. The results reveal that: (1) compared with the HA before the earthquake, the reconstruction and recovery of the Wenchuan earthquake have led to a significant increase of HA in earthquake-stricken areas within three years after the earthquake; (2) the fluctuation of HA in a severely-affected area is greater than that in a less-affected area; (3) recovery efforts increase development in the most affected areas to levels that exceeded the rates in similar areas which experienced less damage; and (4) areas alongside roads and close to reconstruction projects exhibited increased development in regions with otherwise low human activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T13:06:08Z","timestamp":1523365568000},"page":"588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Long-Term Monitoring of the Impacts of Disaster on Human Activity Using DMSP\/OLS Nighttime Light Data: A Case Study of the 2008 Wenchuan, China Earthquake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, NO. 40 Hongshance Road, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, NO. 40 Hongshance Road, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianbing","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation of Hubei Province\/School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, NO. 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Academy of Engineering of Surveying and Mapping in Sichuan Province, NO. 2 Xinjun Road in Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2017, September 01). Statistics on Casualties and Economic Losses of Wenchuan Earthquake on 12 May 2008. Available online: https:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/5%C2%B712%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87\/11042644#32."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"841","article-title":"Spatial information techniques in rapid response to Wenchuan Earthquake","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"673","article-title":"Investigation and assessment of damage in earthquake Wenchuan Sichuan quake based on remote sensing","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"81","article-title":"Information extraction of object-oriented high resolution remote sensing image: A case study on urban damaged buildings in Wenchuan Earthquake","volume":"19","author":"Zeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Disasters"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"174","article-title":"Primary quantitative study on earthquake damage extracted from remote sensing imagery: A case study of Douj iangyan due to the Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earthquake"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"860","article-title":"Wenchuan Earthquake-induced landslides: An overview","volume":"56","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2012.03.012","article-title":"Destruction of vegetation due to geo-hazards and its environmental impacts in the Wenchuan Earthquake areas","volume":"44","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"917","article-title":"Investigation to the damaged farmland as a result of disasters induced by Wenchuan Earthquake based on remote sensing: A case study of Tangjiashan area, Beichuan County, Sichuan Province","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.11.011","article-title":"Quantifying the spatial distribution of soil mass wasting processes after the 2008 earthquake in Wenchuan, China. A case study of the Longmenshan area","volume":"114","author":"Di","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"5899","article-title":"Assessment about the impact of Wenchuan Earthquake on ecological environment","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2014.07.008","article-title":"Post-earthquake landsliding and long-term impacts in the Wenchuan Earthquake area, China","volume":"182","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.10.009","article-title":"Impact of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China on subsequent long-term debris flow activities in the epicentral area","volume":"276","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"591","article-title":"An overview on data mining of nighttime light remote sensing","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1059968","article-title":"Detecting 2014 Northern Iraq Insurgency using night-time light imagery","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001595033","article-title":"Early damaged area estimation system using DMSP-OLS night-time imagery","volume":"25","author":"Kohiyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Koma, H., Akatsuka, S., and Sawada, H. (2009, January 18\u201323). DMSP-OLS for observing the reconstruction stage of the damaged area caused by the Sichuan earthquake. Proceedings of the 30th Asian Conference Remote Sensing, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"286","article-title":"Nighttime lights time series of tsunami damage, recovery, and economic metrics in Sumatra, Indonesia","volume":"5","author":"Gillespie","year":"2015","journal-title":"NIH Public Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3390\/en20300595","article-title":"A fifteen year record of global natural gas flaring derived from satellite data","volume":"2","author":"Elvidge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.02.013","article-title":"Extracting the dynamics of urban expansion in China using DMSP-OLS nighttime light data from 1992 to 2008","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70201855","article-title":"DMSP-OLS radiance calibrated nighttime lights time series with intercalibration","volume":"7","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., Zhang, Z., and Liu, F. (2018). Monitoring Population Evolution in China Using Time-Series DMSP\/OLS Nightlight Imagery. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020194"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2572724","article-title":"A Robust Method to Generate a Consistent Time Series From DMSP\/OLS Nighttime Light Data","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.04.011","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of relative calibration methods for DMSP\/OLS nighttime lights","volume":"195","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2012.687471","article-title":"Automatic intercalibration of night-time light imagery using robust regression","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2017, November 20). Version 4 DMSP-OLS Nighttime Lights Time Series, Available online: https:\/\/www.ngdc.noaa.gov\/eog\/ dmsp\/downloadV4composites.html."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"727","article-title":"Mapping city lights with nighttime data from the DMSP Operational Linescan System","volume":"63","author":"Elvidge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.06.001","article-title":"A SVM-based method to extract urban areas from DMSP-OLS and SPOT VGT data","volume":"113","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160304982","article-title":"Validation of urban boundaries derived from global night-time satellite imagery","volume":"24","author":"Henderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00081-6","article-title":"Assessing the impact of urban land development on net primary productivity in the southeastern United States","volume":"86","author":"Milesi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/4\/588\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:00:15Z","timestamp":1760194815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/4\/588"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10040588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10040588","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]}}}