{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T15:51:02Z","timestamp":1781884262278,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental monitoring plays a central role in diagnosing climate and management impacts on natural and agricultural systems; enhancing the understanding of hydrological processes; optimizing the allocation and distribution of water resources; and assessing, forecasting, and even preventing natural disasters. Nowadays, most monitoring and data collection systems are based upon a combination of ground-based measurements, manned airborne sensors, and satellite observations. These data are utilized in describing both small- and large-scale processes, but have spatiotemporal constraints inherent to each respective collection system. Bridging the unique spatial and temporal divides that limit current monitoring platforms is key to improving our understanding of environmental systems. In this context, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have considerable potential to radically improve environmental monitoring. UAS-mounted sensors offer an extraordinary opportunity to bridge the existing gap between field observations and traditional air- and space-borne remote sensing, by providing high spatial detail over relatively large areas in a cost-effective way and an entirely new capacity for enhanced temporal retrieval. As well as showcasing recent advances in the field, there is also a need to identify and understand the potential limitations of UAS technology. For these platforms to reach their monitoring potential, a wide spectrum of unresolved issues and application-specific challenges require focused community attention. Indeed, to leverage the full potential of UAS-based approaches, sensing technologies, measurement protocols, postprocessing techniques, retrieval algorithms, and evaluation techniques need to be harmonized. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing research and applications of UAS in natural and agricultural ecosystem monitoring in order to identify future directions, applications, developments, and challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,23]],"date-time":"2018-04-23T04:29:17Z","timestamp":1524457757000},"page":"641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":491,"title":["On the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Environmental Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0225-144X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Manfreda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Architettura, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali (DiCEM), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1279-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew F.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4157-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline E.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6823-9443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Pajuelo Madrigal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Svarmi ehf., \u00c1rleyni 22, 112 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7123-5358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgos","family":"Mallinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Ben Dor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Human Environment, Tel Aviv University (TAU), Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0571-8161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Helman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and the Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9358-816X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyndon","family":"Estes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6627-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ciraolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7331-3479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"M\u00fcllerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department GIS and Remote Sensing, Institute of Botany, The Czech Acad. 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