{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T12:53:23Z","timestamp":1760705603537,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There have been hiatuses in global warming since the 1990s, and their potential impacts have attracted extensive attention and discussion. Changes in temperature not only directly affect the greening of vegetation but can also indirectly alter both the growth state and the growth tendency of vegetation by altering other climatic elements. The middle-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) constitute the region that has experienced the most warming in recent decades; therefore, identifying the effects of warming hiatuses on the vegetation greening in that region is of great importance. Using satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and climatological observation data from 1982\u20132013, we investigated hiatuses in warming trends and their impact on vegetation greenness in the NH. Our results show that the regions with warming hiatuses in the NH accounted for 50.1% of the total area and were concentrated in Mongolia, central China, and other areas. Among these regions, 18.8% of the vegetation greenness was inhibited in the warming hiatus areas, but 31.3% of the vegetation grew faster. Because temperature was the main positive climatic factor in central China, the warming hiatuses caused the slow vegetation greening rate. However, precipitation was the main positive climatic factor affecting vegetation greenness in Mongolia; an increase in precipitation accelerated vegetation greening. The regions without a warming hiatus, which were mainly distributed in northern Russia, northern central Asia, and other areas, accounted for 49.9% of the total area. Among these regions, 21.4% of the vegetation grew faster over time, but 28.5% of the vegetation was inhibited. Temperature was the main positive factor affecting vegetation greenness in northern Russia; an increase in temperature promoted vegetation greening. However, radiation was the main positive climatic factor in northern central Asia; reductions in radiation inhibited the greenness of vegetation. Our findings suggest that warming hiatuses differentially affect vegetation greening and depend on meteorological factors, especially the main meteorological factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T12:04:50Z","timestamp":1524830690000},"page":"683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of Warming Hiatuses on Vegetation Growth in the Northern Hemisphere"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Remote Sensing Ground System Department, China Siwei Surveying and Mapping Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunlin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4638-3743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0075-8818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bijian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2605","article-title":"Decadal modulation of global surface temperature by internal climate variability","volume":"5","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL037810","article-title":"Is the climate warming or cooling?","volume":"36","author":"Easterling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Stocker, T., Qin, D., Plattner, G-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. (2014). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2938","article-title":"Making sense of the early-2000s warming slowdown","volume":"6","author":"Fyfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2341","article-title":"Seasonal aspects of the recent pause in surface warming","volume":"4","author":"Trenberth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal divergence of the warming hiatus over land based on different definitions of mean temperature","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5974","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL064458","article-title":"Determining the likelihood of pauses and surges in global warming","volume":"42","author":"Schurer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254937","article-title":"Climate. Varying planetary heat sink led to global-warming slowdown and acceleration","volume":"345","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac9225","article-title":"Has there been a hiatus?","volume":"349","author":"Trenberth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12534","article-title":"Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling","volume":"501","author":"Kosaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4521","article-title":"Global warming. Recent hiatus caused by decadal shift in Indo-Pacific heating","volume":"349","author":"Nieves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12778","article-title":"Changes in autumn vegetation dormancy onset date and the climate controls across temperate ecosystems in China from 1982 to 2010","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16986","article-title":"Sensitivity of global terrestrial ecosystems to climate variability","volume":"531","author":"Seddon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/3\/034021","article-title":"Age and climate contribution to observed forest carbon sinks in East Asia","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12945","article-title":"Time-lag effects of global vegetation responses to climate change","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7911","article-title":"Leaf onset in the Northern Hemisphere triggered by daytime temperature","volume":"6","author":"Piao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6054217","article-title":"Evaluation of spatiotemporal variations of global fractional vegetation cover based on GIMMS NDVI data from 1982 to 2011","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13081","article-title":"Temperature, precipitation, and insolation effects on autumn vegetation phenology in temperate China","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02419.x","article-title":"Changes in satellite-derived vegetation growth trend in temperate and boreal eurasia from 1982 to 2006","volume":"17","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.10.021","article-title":"Little change in heat requirement for vegetation green-up on the Tibetan Plateau over the warming period of 1998\u20132012","volume":"232","author":"Cong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8337","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098337","article-title":"NDVI-based long-term vegetation dynamics and its response to climatic change in the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"6","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., and Zhou, T. Responses of vegetation growth to climate change in China. Int. Arch. Photogram. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., XL\u20137\/W3, 225\u2013229.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-7-W3-225-2015"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12434","article-title":"Asymmetric effects of daytime and night-time warming on Northern Hemisphere vegetation","volume":"501","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184984","article-title":"Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: Global distribution and covariation with climate","volume":"329","author":"Beer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017506","article-title":"Coupled vegetation-precipitation variability observed from satellite and climate records","volume":"30","author":"Lotsch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3711","article-title":"Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations-the CRU TS3. 10 dataset","volume":"34","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2217","article-title":"Representing twentieth-century space\u2013time climate variability","volume":"12","author":"New","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-7-2875-2014","article-title":"The North American Carbon Program Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project-Part 2: Environmental driver data","volume":"7","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, B., Wu, D., Zhao, X., Zhou, T., Zhao, W., and Wei, H. (2017). The observed impacts of wind farms on local vegetation growth in Northern China. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9040332"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14039","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71014039","article-title":"Responses of natural vegetation to different stages of extreme drought during 2009\u20132010 in Southwestern China","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500168686","article-title":"An extended AVHRR 8-km NDVI dataset compatible with MODIS and SPOR vegetation NDVI data","volume":"26","author":"Tucker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948945","article-title":"Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data","volume":"7","author":"Holben","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-6-2121-2013","article-title":"The North American carbon program multi-scale synthesis and terrestrial model intercomparison project\u2014Part 1: Overview and experimental design","volume":"6","author":"Huntzinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.12.018","article-title":"Changes in vegetation photosynthetic activity trends across the Asia\u2013Pacific region over the last three decades","volume":"144","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12289","article-title":"Has the advancing onset of spring vegetation green-up slowed down or changed abruptly over the last three decades?","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL059450","article-title":"Recent shift in Eurasian boreal forest greening response may be associated with warmer and drier summers","volume":"41","author":"Buermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20069","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000115","article-title":"Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999","volume":"106","author":"Zhou","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-9563.2002.00124.x","article-title":"Climate change and the outbreak ranges of two North American bark beetles","volume":"4","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. For. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2002.00451.x","article-title":"Herbivory in global climate change research: Direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores","volume":"8","author":"Bale","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/5\/683\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:02:28Z","timestamp":1760194948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/5\/683"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10050683"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10050683","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]]}}}