{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T07:30:50Z","timestamp":1768548650392,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA","award":["NNX1616AL16G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX1616AL16G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Upper Zambezi River Basin (UZRB) delineates a complex region of topographic, soil and rainfall gradients between the Congo rainforest and the Kalahari Desert. Satellite imagery shows permanent wetlands in low-lying convergence zones where surface\u2013groundwater interactions are vigorous. A dynamic wetland classification based on MODIS Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance is developed to capture the inter-annual and seasonal changes in areal extent due to groundwater redistribution and rainfall variability. Simulations of the coupled water\u2013carbon cycles of seasonal wetlands show nearly double rates of carbon uptake as compared to dry areas, at increasingly lower water-use efficiencies as the dry season progresses. Thus, wetland extent and persistence into the dry season is key to the UZRB\u2019s carbon sink and water budget. Whereas groundwater recharge governs the expansion of wetlands in the rainy season under large-scale forcing, wetland persistence in April\u2013June (wet\u2013dry transition months) is tied to daily morning fog and clouds, and by afternoon land\u2013atmosphere interactions (isolated convection). Rainfall suppression in July\u2013September results from colder temperatures, weaker regional circulations, and reduced instability in the lower troposphere, shutting off moisture recycling in the dry season despite high evapotranspiration rates. The co-organization of precipitation and wetlands reflects land\u2013atmosphere interactions that determine wetland seasonal persistence, and the coupled water and carbon cycles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]],"date-time":"2018-05-03T03:20:27Z","timestamp":1525317627000},"page":"692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Rainfall Variability, Wetland Persistence, and Water\u2013Carbon Cycle Coupling in the Upper Zambezi River Basin in Southern Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2960-7095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren E. L.","family":"Lowman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA"}]},{"given":"Tiffany M.","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4606-3106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana P.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.30.050504.144248","article-title":"WETLAND RESOURCES: Status, Trends, Ecosystem Services, and Restorability","volume":"30","author":"Zedler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. 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