{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T16:07:56Z","timestamp":1774627676479,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,6]],"date-time":"2018-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Region Pays de la Loire, France","award":["RS2E \u2013 OSUNA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS2E \u2013 OSUNA"]}]},{"name":"MI CNRS","award":["D\u00e9fi Littoral 2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D\u00e9fi Littoral 2016"]}]},{"name":"ERDF in Pays de la Loire","award":["CPER R 51_p6 2007-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPER R 51_p6 2007-2013"]}]},{"name":"CPER Hauts de France","award":["MARCO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MARCO"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work is an extension of the MicroPhytoBenthos Optical Model (MPBOM) workflow. The model was based on the observation that the biofilm itself has a negligible inherent reflectance and can be described solely by the ratio between its apparent reflectance (RA) and background reflectance (RB), allowing a straightforward calculation of the absorption coefficient (\u03b1). This coefficient is directly related to pigment concentrations estimated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). To run the model, assess and extend the use of \u03b1, the background contribution is a critical step. This work shows that: (i) indices based on reflectance and absorption coefficient spectra derived from the optical model correctly identified the main microphytobenthos (MPB) groups covering a pixel; (ii) contrary to the RA index each new \u03b1 index was insensitive to biomass variations; (iii) for each MPB group there was a significant linear relation between the biomass estimated by HPLC and \u03b1 peak at 673 nm; (iv) indices based on \u03b1 spectra were almost insensitive to mixing constraints at a subpixel level. Knowing the background reflectance contribution of MPB biofilms, \u03b1 can therefore be used to map MPB algal composition and biomass at any scale from MPB synthetized in laboratory to intertidal mudflat airborne observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,7]],"date-time":"2018-05-07T03:12:21Z","timestamp":1525662741000},"page":"716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Microphytobenthos Biomass and Diversity Mapping at Different Spatial Scales with a Hyperspectral Optical Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7465-9041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Launeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, Laboratoire de Plan\u00e9tologie et G\u00e9odynamique (UMR 6112, CNRS), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et des Techniques, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes CEDEX 3, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vona","family":"M\u00e9l\u00e9der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, Mer Mol\u00e9cules Sant\u00e9 (EA 2160), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et des Techniques, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes CEDEX 3, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5134-4124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Verpoorter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d\u2019Oc\u00e9anologie et de G\u00e9osciences, F 62930 Wimereux, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5138-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Barill\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, Mer Mol\u00e9cules Sant\u00e9 (EA 2160), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et des Techniques, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes CEDEX 3, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Kazemipour-Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Terres Inovia, 1 rue des Coulots 21110 Breteni\u00e8re, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Giraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, Laboratoire de Plan\u00e9tologie et G\u00e9odynamique (UMR 6112, CNRS), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et des Techniques, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes CEDEX 3, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, Mer Mol\u00e9cules Sant\u00e9 (EA 2160), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et des Techniques, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes CEDEX 3, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erwan","family":"Le Menn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, Laboratoire de Plan\u00e9tologie et G\u00e9odynamique (UMR 6112, CNRS), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et des Techniques, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes CEDEX 3, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2010.08.029","article-title":"Optical properties of microphytobenthic biofilms (MPBOM): Biomass retrieval implication","volume":"112","author":"Kazemipour","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.08.016","article-title":"Microphytobenthos biomass mapping using the optical model of diatom biofilms: Application to hyperspectral images of Bourgneuf Bay","volume":"127","author":"Kazemipour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s002489900066","article-title":"Predicting Epipelic Diatom Exopolymer Concentration in Intertidal Sediments from Sediment Chlorophyll a","volume":"35","author":"Underwood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Production and consumption of biological particles in temperate tidal estuaries","volume":"33","author":"Heip","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2307\/1352224","article-title":"Microphytobenthos: The ecological role of the \u201csecret garden\u201d of unvegetated, shallow water marine habitats. I. Distribution, abundance and primary production","volume":"19","author":"MacIntyre","year":"1996","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Hoppenrath, M., Murray, S.A., Chomerat, N., and Horiguchi, T. (2014). Marine Benthic Dinoflagellates: Unveiling Their Worldwide Biodiversity, Schweizerbart Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0185187","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185187","article-title":"Photosynthetic epibionts and endobionts of pacific oyster shells from oyster reefs in rocky versus mudflat shores","volume":"12","author":"Launeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Jeffrey, S.W., Mantoura, R.F.C., and Wright, S.W. (1997). Application of pigment method to oceanography. Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography. Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, UNESCO Publishing."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PRES.0000028397.86495.b5","article-title":"Monitoring migration and measuring biomass in benthic biofilms: The effects of dark\/far-red adaptation and vertical migration on fluorescence measurements","volume":"81","author":"Consalvey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.2307\/1352447","article-title":"Biomass and Production of Benthic Microalgal Communities in Estuarine Habitats","volume":"16","author":"Pinckney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60193-2","article-title":"Water flow, sediment dynamics and benthic biology","volume":"29","author":"Paterson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0077-7579(92)90049-K","article-title":"Contribution of resuspended microphytobenthos to total phytoplankton in the EMS estuary and its possible role for grazers","volume":"30","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neth. J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1020","article-title":"Contribution of benthic microalgae to the temporal variation in phytoplanktonic assemblages in a macrotidal system","volume":"5","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2006.10.005","article-title":"Trophic interactions between two introduced suspension-feeders, Crepidula fornicata and Crassostrea gigas, are influenced by seasonal effects and qualitative selection capacity","volume":"42","author":"Decottignies","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2009.10.001","article-title":"Trophic plasticity of the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae within an intertidal bay (Roscoff, France): A stable isotope evidence","volume":"63","author":"Riera","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7714(03)00081-7","article-title":"Pheophorbide and pheophytin a-like pigments as useful markers for intertidal microphytobenthos grazing by Hydrobia ulvae","volume":"58","author":"Cartaxana","year":"2003","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1442.1","article-title":"Biofilm grazing in a higher vertebrate: The Western Sandpiper Caliders mauri","volume":"89","author":"Kuwae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kromkamp, J.C., de Brouwer, J.F.C., Blanchard, G.F., Forster, R.M., and Creach, V. (2006). Estimating benthic primary production: Scaling up from point measurements to the whole estuary2006. Functioning of Microphytobenthos in Estuaries, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ubertini, M., Lefebvre, S., Gangnery, A., Granger\u00e9, K., Gendre, R.L., and Orvain, F. (2012). Spatial variability of benthic-pelagic coupling in an estuary ecosystem: Consequences for microphytobenthos resuspension phenomenon. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044155"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(79)90013-0","article-title":"Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation","volume":"8","author":"Tucker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2013.11.007","article-title":"Microphytobenthos interannual variations in a north-European estuary (Loire estuary, France) detected by visible-infrared multispectral remote sensing","volume":"136","author":"Benyoucef","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2013.07.004","article-title":"Seasonality of microphytobenthos revealed by remote-sensing in a South European estuary","volume":"66","author":"Brito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.08.009","article-title":"Spectrometric constraint in analysis of benthic diatom biomass using monospecific cultures","volume":"88","author":"Launeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-010-9322-9","article-title":"Spatial synchrony in intertidal benthic algal biomass in temperate coastal and estuarine ecosystems","volume":"13","author":"Herman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.07.010","article-title":"Mapping microphytobenthos biomass by non-linear inversion of visible-infrared hyperspectral images","volume":"98","author":"Combe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.040","article-title":"Spectral-radiometric analysis of taxonomically mixed microphytobenthic biofilms","volume":"140","author":"Jesus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2013.11.511","article-title":"Hyperspectral imaging of the microscale distribution and dynamics of microphytobenthos in intertidal sediments","volume":"11","author":"Chennu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.12226","article-title":"Hyperspectral imaging techniques for the characterization of haematococcus pluvialis (chlorophyceae)","volume":"50","author":"Nogami","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.10.005","article-title":"In vivo estimation of pigment composition and optical absorption cross-section by spectroradiometry in four aquatic photosynthetic micro-organisms","volume":"129","author":"Laviale","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Maanan, M., and Robin, M. (2010). Hyperspectral imaging for mapping microphytobenthos in coastal areas. Geomatic Solutions for Coastal Environments, Nova Science Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3354\/meps129229","article-title":"Spatial structure of an intertidal sandflat microphytobenthic community as related to different spatial scales","volume":"129","author":"Saburova","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2011.10.021","article-title":"There\u2019s more to the picture than meets the eye: Sampling microphytobenthos in a heterogeneous environment","volume":"95","author":"Spilmont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Richter, R., and Schl\u00e4pfer, D. (2014). Atmospheric \/Topographic Correction for Airborne Imagery; DLR Report DLR-IB 565-02\/14, 240, DLR."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/36.3001","article-title":"A Transformation for Ordering Multispectral Data in Terms of Images Quality with Implications for Noise Removal","volume":"26","author":"Green","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Boardman, J.W., and Kruse, F.A. (1994). Automated Spectral Analysis: A Geologic Example using AVIRIS Data, North Grapevine Mountains, Nevada. Proceedings, ERIM Tenth Thematic Conference on Geologic Remote Sensing, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3354\/meps334179","article-title":"Exploitation of natural food sources by two sympatric, invasive suspension-feeders: Crassostrea gigas and Crepidula fornicata","volume":"334","author":"Decottignies","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.2112\/1551-5036-36.sp1.240","article-title":"Short-term morphological expression of dune sand recycling on a macrotidal, wave-exposed estuarine shoreline","volume":"36","author":"Dobroniak","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2009.03.039","article-title":"Short-term estuarine mudflat and salt-marsh sedimentation: High-resolution data from ultrasonic altimetry, rod surface-elevation table, and filter traps","volume":"83","author":"Marion","year":"2009","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Pye, K., and French, P. (1993). Erosion and Accretion Processes on British salt Marshes. Introduction: Saltmarsh Processes and Morphology, Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2007.02.011","article-title":"Sedimentation on intertifal mudflats in the lower part of macrotifal estuaries: Sedimentation rythms and their preservation","volume":"241","author":"Deloffre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3354\/meps274031","article-title":"Comparison of simple techniques for estimating chlorophyll a concentration in the intertidal zone using high spectral-resolution field-spectrometer data","volume":"274","author":"Spilmont","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90100-Z","article-title":"PROSPECT: A model of leaf optical properties spectra","volume":"34","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-4018(99)00721-X","article-title":"A new method of finding the optical constants of a solid from the reflectance and transmittance spectrograms of its slab","volume":"174","author":"Khashan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2011.04.014","article-title":"The structural, compositional and mechanical features of the calcite shell of the barnacle Tetraclita rufotincta","volume":"175","author":"Astachov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2007.00422.x","article-title":"Biooptical characteristics of PSII and PSI in 33 species (13 pigment groups) of marine phytoplankton, and the relevance for pulse-amplitude-modulated and fast-repetition-rate fluorometry1","volume":"43","author":"Johnsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Kazemipour, F. (2011). Caract\u00e9risation Hyperspectrale des Biofilms Microphytobentiques: Cartographie de la Biomasse de la Micro \u00e0 la Macro \u00c9chelle. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001609699","article-title":"Comparison between field measurements and airborne visible and infrared mapping spectrometry (AVIRIS and HyMap) of the Ronda peridotite massif (south-west Spain)","volume":"25","author":"Launeau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90015-P","article-title":"Recovery of atmospheric water vapor total column abundance from imaging spectrometer data around 940 nm-sensitivity analysis and application to Airborne Visible\/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data","volume":"44","author":"Conel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00037-6","article-title":"Mapping chaparral in the Santa Monica Mountains using multiple endmember spectral mixture models","volume":"65","author":"Roberts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.12.008","article-title":"Spectral response of benthic diatoms with different sediment backgrounds","volume":"115","author":"Mouget","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1998.43.6.1207","article-title":"Microbiological mediation of spectral reflectance from intertidal cohesive sediments","volume":"43","author":"Paterson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2007.5.119","article-title":"Accurately measuring the abundance of benthic microalgae in spatially variable habitats","volume":"5","author":"Grinham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/5\/716\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:03:30Z","timestamp":1760195010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/5\/716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,6]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10050716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10050716","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,6]]}}}