{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T03:39:34Z","timestamp":1768880374029,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,7]],"date-time":"2018-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Topographic correction methods rarely consider the canopy parameter effects directly and explicitly for sloping canopies. In order to address this problem, the topographic correction method MFM-GOST2 was developed by implementing the second version of the Geometric-Optical model for Sloping Terrains (the GOST2 model) in the multiple forward mode (MFM) inversion framework. First, a look up table (LUT) was constructed by multiple forward modeling of the GOST2 model; second, the radiance of a remotely sensed image and its corresponding topographic data were used for searching potential canopy parameter combinations from the LUT; and third, the corrected radiance was determined by averaging potential radiances of horizontal canopies from the LUT according to the canopy parameter combinations. The MFM-GOST2 and twelve generally used topographic correction methods were evaluated via a case study by visual analysis, linear relationship analysis, and the rose diagram analysis. The result showed that the MFM-GOST2 method successfully removed most of the topographic effects of a subset image of the Landsat-8 image in a case study. The case study also illustrates that the rose diagram analysis is a good way to evaluate topographic corrections, but the linear relationship analysis cannot be used independently for the evaluations because the decorrelation is not a sufficient condition to determine a successful topographic correction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,7]],"date-time":"2018-05-07T03:12:21Z","timestamp":1525662741000},"page":"717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Topographic Correction of Forest Image Data Based on the Canopy Reflectance Model for Sloping Terrains in Multiple Forward Mode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0116-239X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiliang","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, Lin\u2019an 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, Lin\u2019an 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, Lin\u2019an 311300, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Digital Mountain and Remote Sensing Application, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3713-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0860-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China"}]},{"given":"Gaifei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Digital Mountain and Remote Sensing Application, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}]},{"given":"Ainong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Digital Mountain and Remote Sensing Application, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}]},{"given":"Yelu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2068-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baodong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, Lin\u2019an 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, Lin\u2019an 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, Lin\u2019an 311300, China"}]},{"given":"Guomo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, Lin\u2019an 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, Lin\u2019an 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, Lin\u2019an 311300, China"}]},{"given":"Huaqiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, Lin\u2019an 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, Lin\u2019an 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, Lin\u2019an 311300, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.06.001","article-title":"Interpretation and topographic compensation of conifer canopy self-shadowing","volume":"112","author":"Kane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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