{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T08:50:49Z","timestamp":1771577449287,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,25]],"date-time":"2018-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The 13th Five-Year Plan Pre-study Foundation of the Army Armament Department of China","award":["No. 3010204004104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 3010204004104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The scanning infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) suffers from stripe-like non-uniformity due to the usage of many detectors, especially when working with a large time scale. Typical calibration systems tend to block the sensor aperture and expose the detectors to an on-board blackbody calibration source. They may also point at deep space. Full aperture calibration sources of this type tend to be large and expensive. To address these problems, a dynamic non-uniformity correction (NUC) method is proposed based on a modulated internal calibration device. By employing the on-board calibration device to generate a dynamic scene and fully integrating the system characteristics of the scanning IRFPA into the scene-based non-uniformity correction (SBNUC) algorithm, on-orbit high dynamic range NUC is achieved without blocking the field of view. Here we simulate an internal calibration system alternative, where a dynamic calibration signal is superimposed on the normal imagery, thus requiring no mechanisms and a smaller size. This method using this type of calibrator shows that when the sensor is pointing at deep space for calibration, it provides an effective non-uniformity correction of the imagery. After performing the proposed method, the NU of the two evaluation images was reduced from the initial 12.99% and 8.72% to less than 2%. Compared to other on-board NUC methods that require an extended reference blackbody source, this proposed approach has the advantages of miniaturization, a short calibration time, and strong adaptability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,28]],"date-time":"2018-05-28T03:54:21Z","timestamp":1527479661000},"page":"830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The On-Orbit Non-Uniformity Correction Method with Modulated Internal Calibration Sources for Infrared Remote Sensing Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3444-9570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yicheng","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic Imaging Technology and System, Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Dun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic Imaging Technology and System, Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Weiqi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic Imaging Technology and System, Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics &amp; Electricity, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic Imaging Technology and System, Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Fengwen","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic Imaging Technology and System, Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Si","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics &amp; Electricity, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garlick, D.S., Greenman, M.E., Larsen, M.F., Sargent, S.D., and Hansen, J.S. (1996). Algorithms for calibration and point-source extraction for a LWIR space-based sensor. Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets, International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.241181"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"215","article-title":"The Spatial Infrared Imaging Telescope III","volume":"17","author":"Bartschi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreas, N.S. (1997, January 13). Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) system of systems. Proceedings of the Aerospace Conference, Snowmass at Aspen, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.1997.577525"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/1350-4495(95)00133-6","article-title":"Characterizing IR FPA nonuniformity and IR camera spatial noise","volume":"37","author":"Mooney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023005","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JEI.23.2.023005","article-title":"Feedback-integrated scene cancellation scene-based nonuniformity correction algorithm","volume":"23","author":"Black","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electron. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Tansock, J., Bancroft, D., Butler, J., Cao, C., Datla, R., Hansen, S., Helder, D., Kacker, R., Latvakoski, H., and Mylnczak, M. (2015). Guidelines for Radiometric Calibration of Electro-Optical Instruments for Remote Sensing, Space Dynamics Lab Publications."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, W., Liu, C., and Xiu, J. (2011). Infrared nonuniformity correction and radiometric calibration technology using U-shaped blackbody. International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging, International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.900122"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2016.06.009","article-title":"An evaluation method based on absolute difference to validate the performance of SBNUC algorithms","volume":"78","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11607","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61111607","article-title":"Landsat-8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (tTIRS) Vicarious Radiometric Calibration","volume":"6","author":"Barsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datla, R., Shao, X., Cao, C., and Wu, X. (2016). Comparison of the calibration algorithms and si traceability of MODIS, VIIRS, GOES, and GOES-E RABI sensors. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8020126"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8803","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098803","article-title":"Radiometric calibration methodology of the Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor","volume":"6","author":"Montanaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11753","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61211753","article-title":"On-Orbit Radiometric Performance of the Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor","volume":"6","author":"Montanaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7149","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.007149","article-title":"Staircase-scene-based nonuniformity correction in aerial point target detection systems","volume":"55","author":"Huo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053014","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JEI.23.5.053014","article-title":"Improving feedback-integrated scene cancellation nonuniformity correction through optimal selection of available camera motion","volume":"23","author":"Black","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electron. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.000772","article-title":"Statistical algorithm for nonuniformity correction in focal-plane arrays","volume":"38","author":"Hayat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"087006","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3610978","article-title":"Scene-based nonuniformity correction method using multiscale constant statistics","volume":"50","author":"Zuo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1109\/83.777098","article-title":"Nonuniformity Correction of Infrared Image Sequences Using the Constant-Statistics Constraint","volume":"8","author":"Harris","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.25.001444","article-title":"Scene-based nonuniformity correction using local constant statistics","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"JOSA A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14918","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.014918","article-title":"Scene-Based Nonuniformity Correction with Reduced Ghosting Using a gated LMS Algorithm","volume":"17","author":"Hardie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scribner, D.A., Sarkady, K.A., Caulfield, J.T., Kruer, M.R., Katz, G., Gridley, C., and Herman, C. (1990). Nonuniformity correction for staring ir focal plane arrays using scene-based techniques. Applications of Artificial Neural Networks, International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.21730"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.39.001241","article-title":"Scene-based nonuniformity correction with video sequences and registration","volume":"39","author":"Hardie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kintner, E.C., Jacobs, E.S., Hartley, J.M., Cucchiaro, P.J., and Wall, L. (2003). Infrared Internal Calibration Sources developed at SSGPO, inc. Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing, International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.505788"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kintner, E.C., Hartley, J.M., Jacobs, E.S., and Cucchiaro, P.J. (2004). Advanced development of internal calibration sources for remote sensing telescopes. Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing, International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.566489"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kintner, E.C., Wong, W.K., Jacobs, E.S., Cucchiaro, P.J., and Koshel, R.J. (2006). Efficient and versatile internal reference sources for remote sensing space telescopes. Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing, International Society for Optical Engineering.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.684214"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Helioworks (2017, October 20). Pulsable IR Source: Model EF-8530. Available online: https:\/\/helioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/EF-8530.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheng, Y., Jin, W., Dun, X., Zhou, F., and Xiao, S. (2017). A design of an on-orbit radiometric calibration device for high dynamic range infrared remote sensors. AOPC 2017: Space Optics and Earth Imaging and Space Navigation, International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2285702"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.3788\/OPE.20111912.2985","article-title":"Adaptive nonuniformity correction and hardware implementation of IRFPA","volume":"19","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sui, J., Jin, W., Dong, L., and Wang, X. (2006). A new non-uniformity correction algorithm for infrared line scanners. Defense and Security Symposium, International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.669102"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/6\/830\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:05:59Z","timestamp":1760195159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/6\/830"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,25]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10060830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10060830","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,25]]}}}