{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T20:10:14Z","timestamp":1760472614008,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,27]],"date-time":"2018-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8162028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8162028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40901168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40901168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CETC key laboratory of aerospace information applications","award":["XX17629X009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XX17629X009"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal science &amp; technology commission","award":["Z171100000717010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z171100000717010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optical remote sensing of aquatic vegetation in shallow water is an essential aid to ecosystem protection, but it is difficult because the spectral characteristics of the vegetation are sensitive to external features such as water background effects, atmospheric effects, and the structural properties of the canopy. A global sensitivity analysis of an aquatic vegetation radiative transfer model provides invaluable background for algorithm development for use in optical remote sensing. Here, we use the extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (EFAST) method for the modelling. Four different cases were identified by subdividing the ranges of water depth and leaf area index (LAI) involved. The results indicate that the reflectance of emergent vegetation is affected mainly by the concentrations of chlorophyll a + b in leaves (Cab), leaf inclination distribution function parameter (LIDFa) and LAI. The parameter LAI is influential in sparse vegetation cases whereas Cab and LIDFa are influential in dense vegetation cases. Canopy reflectance for submerged vegetation is dominated by water parameters. Relatively, LAI and Cab are highly sensitive vegetation parameters. The analysis is extended to vegetation index as well, which takes the Sentinel-2A as the reference sensor. It shows that NDAVI (Normalized Difference Aquatic Vegetation Index) is suitable for retrieving LAI in all cases except deep-sparse for emergent vegetation, whereas NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) would be better in the deep-sparse case. NDVI, NDAVI and WAVI (Water Adjusted Vegetation Index), respectively, are suitable for retrieving Cab, Car and LIDFa in dense cases. For submerged vegetation, the sensitivity of LAI to NDAVI is relatively high only in the shallow-sparse case. The adjustment factor L in SAVI and WAVI fails to suppress the sensitivity to water constituent parameters. The sensitivity of LAI and Cab to NDVI in deep cases is relatively higher than that to the other indices, which may provide clues for the construction of inversion algorithms in macrophyte remote sensing in the aquatic environment using spectral signatures in the visible and near infrared regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T02:58:18Z","timestamp":1527562698000},"page":"837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Canopy Reflectance Modeling of Aquatic Vegetation for Algorithm Development: Global Sensitivity Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2789-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanhua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang Univerisity, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"},{"name":"CETC Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Applications, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}]},{"given":"Zhongqi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang Univerisity, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3586-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shubha","family":"Sathyendranath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics &amp; Electricity, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Advanced Optical Remote Sensing Technology of Beijing, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CETC Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Applications, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2011.03.015","article-title":"Distribution and limnological drivers of submerged aquatic plant communities in lake Simcoe (Ontario, Canada): Utility of macrophytes as bioindicators of lake trophic status","volume":"37","author":"Ginn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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