{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T17:56:17Z","timestamp":1772301377309,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,28]],"date-time":"2018-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2017YFC1502403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1502403"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["51779071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51779071"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["51579065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51579065"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2017B10514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017B10514"]}]},{"name":"Central Public Welfare Operations for Basic Scientific Research of Research Institute","award":["HKY\u2013JBYW\u20132017\u201312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HKY\u2013JBYW\u20132017\u201312"]}]},{"name":"Water Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["2017007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To evaluate the performance and hydrological utility of merged precipitation products at the current technical level of integration, a newly developed merged precipitation product, Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) Version 2.1 was evaluated in this study based on rain gauge observations and the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model for the upper Huaihe River Basin, China. For comparison, three satellite-based precipitation products (SPPs), including Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) Version 2.0, Climate Prediction Center MORPHing technique (CMORPH) bias-corrected product Version 1.0, and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42 Version 7, were evaluated. The error analysis against rain gauge observations reveals that the merged precipitation MSWEP performs best, followed by TMPA and CMORPH, which in turn outperform CHIRPS. Generally, the contribution of the random error in all four quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) is larger than the systematic error. Additionally, QPEs show large uncertainty in the mountainous regions, with larger systematic errors, and tend to underestimate the precipitation. Under two parameterization scenarios, the MSWEP provides the best streamflow simulation results and TMPA forced simulation ranks second. Unfortunately, the CHIRPS and CMORPH forced simulations produce unsatisfactory results. The relative error (RE) of QPEs is the main factor affecting the RE of simulated streamflow, especially for the results of Scenario I (model parameters calibrated by rain gauge observations). However, its influence on the simulated streamflow can be greatly reduced by recalibration of the parameters using the corresponding QPEs (Scenario II). All QPEs forced simulations underestimate the streamflow with exceedance probabilities below 5.0%, while they overestimate the streamflow with exceedance probabilities above 30.0%. The results of the soil moisture simulation indicate that the influence of the precipitation input on the RE of the simulated soil moisture is insignificant. However, the dynamic variation of soil moisture, simulated by precipitation with higher precision, is more consistent with the measured results. The simulation results at a depth of 0\u201310 cm are more sensitive to the accuracy of precipitation estimates than that for depths of 0\u201340 cm. In summary, there are notable advantages of MSWEP and TMPA with respect to hydrological applicability compared with CHIRPS and CMORPH. The MSWEP has a greater potential for basin\u2013scale hydrological modeling than TMPA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T02:58:18Z","timestamp":1527562698000},"page":"840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Hydrologic Evaluation of Multi-Source Satellite Precipitation Products for the Upper Huaihe River Basin, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7186-3776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Water Problems, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengguang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Water Problems, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Editorial Department of Journal, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Water Problems, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Water Problems, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaotao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Water Problems, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenchen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Water Problems, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6201","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-6201-2017","article-title":"Global-scale evaluation of 22 precipitation datasets using gauge observations and hydrological modeling","volume":"21","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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