{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T04:40:43Z","timestamp":1770698443105,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA McIntire Stennis","award":["Accession #1002519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Accession #1002519"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) offer users the ability to capture large amounts of imagery at unprecedented spatial resolutions due to their flexible designs, low costs, automated workflows, and minimal technical knowledge barriers. Their rapid extension into new disciplines promotes the necessity to question and understand the implications of data capture and processing parameter decisions on the respective output completeness. This research provides a culmination of quantitative insight using an eBee Plus, fixed-wing UAS for collecting robust data on complex forest environments. These analyses differentiate from measures of accuracy, which were derived from positional comparison to other data sources, to instead guide applications of comprehensive coverage. Our results demonstrated the impacts of flying height on Structure from Motion (SfM) processing completeness, discrepancies in outputs based on software package choice, and the effects caused by processing parameter settings. For flying heights of 50 m, 100 m, and 120 m above the forest canopy, key quality indicators within the software demonstrated the superior performance of the 100-m flying height. These indicators included, among others, image alignment success, the average number of tie points per image, and planimetric model ground sampling distance. We also compared the output results of two leading SfM software packages: Agisoft PhotoScan and Pix4D Mapper Pro. Agisoft PhotoScan maintained an 11.8% greater image alignment success and a 9.91% finer planimetric model resolution. Lastly, we compared the \u201chigh\u201d and \u201cmedium\u201d resolution processing workflows in Agisoft PhotoScan. The high-resolution processing setting achieved a 371% increase in point cloud density, with a 3.1% coarser planimetric model resolution, over a considerably longer processing time. As UAS continue to expand their sphere of influence and develop technologically, best-use practices based on aerial photogrammetry principles must remain apparent to achieve optimal results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T11:19:31Z","timestamp":1528456771000},"page":"908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Issues in Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Data Collection of Complex Forest Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1974-7529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin T.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3891-2163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell G.","family":"Congalton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kareiva, P., and Marvier, M. (2011). Conservation Science: Balancing the Needs of People and Nature, Roberts and Company Publishing. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2014.11.006","article-title":"Fifteen forms of biodiversity trend in the Anthropocene","volume":"30","author":"McGill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/35012241","article-title":"Consequences of changing biodiversity","volume":"405","author":"Chapin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-3780(01)00007-3","article-title":"The causes of land-use and land-cover change: Moving beyond the myths","volume":"11","author":"Lambin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(01)00255-X","article-title":"Forest inventory and analysis: A national inventory and monitoring program","volume":"116","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Pollution"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. How Are the World\u2019s Forests Doing?, FAO. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacLean, M.G., Campbell, M.J., Maynard, D.S., Ducey, M.J., and Congalton, R.G. (2012). Requirements for Labeling Forest Polygons in an Object-Based Image Analysis Classification. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of New Hampshire].","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.747017"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.2307\/1941591","article-title":"Beyond Global Warming: Ecology and Global Change","volume":"75","author":"Vitousek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00071-5","article-title":"From space to species: Ecological applications for remote sensing","volume":"18","author":"Kerr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2011.11.016","article-title":"Ecoinformatics: Supporting ecology as a data-intensive science","volume":"27","author":"Michener","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Justice, D., Deely, A.K., and Rubin, F. (2016). Land Cover and Land Use Classification for the State of New Hampshire, 1996\u20132001. ORNL DAAC."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90048-B","article-title":"A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data","volume":"37","author":"Congalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford, E.D. (2000). Scientific Method for Ecological Research, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511612558"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)00066-V","article-title":"Global net primary production: Combining ecology and remote sensing","volume":"51","author":"Field","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Congalton, R.G., and Green, K. (2009). Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Data: Principles and Practices, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420055139"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(99)00278-9","article-title":"Accuracy comparison of various remote sensing data sources in the retrieval of forest stand attributes","volume":"128","author":"Inkinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00070-3","article-title":"Remote sensing for biodiversity science and conservation","volume":"18","author":"Turner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Paine, D.P., and Kiser, J.D. (2003). Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation, John Wiley and Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Jensen, J.R. (2016). Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective, Pearson Education Inc.. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homer, C.H., Fry, J.A., and Barnes, C.A. (2017, July 10). The National Land Cover Database, Available online: https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/fs\/2012\/3020\/.","DOI":"10.3133\/fs20123020"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Cook, S.J., Clarke, L.E., and Nield, J.M. (2012). Structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry. Geomorphological Techniques, British Society for Geomorphology. [Online Edition]. Chapter 2."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133315615805","article-title":"Structure from motion photogrammetry in physical geography","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"93","article-title":"A 3D Model of Castle Landenberg (CH) from Combined Photogrammetric Processing of Terrestrial and UAV-based Images","volume":"37","author":"Sauerbier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-1-C22-25-2011","article-title":"UAV Photogrammetry For Mapping and 3D Modeling\u2013Current Status and Future Perspectives","volume":"XXXVIII-1\/C22","author":"Remondino","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS-Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4051392","article-title":"An Automated Technique for Generating Georectified Mosaics from Ultra-High Resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Imagery, Based on Structure from Motion (SfM) Point Clouds","volume":"4","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.08.021","article-title":"\u2018Structure-from-Motion\u2019 photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications","volume":"179","author":"Westoby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3366","article-title":"Topographic structure from motion: A new development in photogrammetric measurement","volume":"38","author":"Fonstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-1-W2-183-2013","article-title":"Quality of 3D Point clouds from Highly overlapping UAV Imagery","volume":"40\u20131\/W2","author":"Haala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6880","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126880","article-title":"Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for High-Resolution Reconstruction of Topography: The Structure from Motion Approach on Coastal Environments","volume":"5","author":"Mancini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mlambo, R., Woodhouse, I.H., Gerard, F., and Anderson, K. (2017). Structure from Motion (SfM) Photogrammetry with Drone Data: A Low Cost Method for Monitoring Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Forests in Developing Countries. Forests, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/f8030068"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, L., Lucieer, A., Malenovsk\u00fd, Z., Turner, D., and Vop\u011bnka, P. (2016). Assessment of Forest Structure Using Two UAV Techniques: A Comparison of Airborne Laser Scanning and Structure from Motion (SfM) Point Clouds. Forests, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/f7030062"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Avery, T.E. (1977). Interpretation of Aerial Photographs, Burgess Publishing Company. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Krzystek, P. (1991, January 9\u201314). Fully automatic measurement of digital elevation models with Match-T. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Photogrammetric Week, Stuttgart, Germany."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-1-W2-141-2013","article-title":"UAV-based Photogrammetric Point Clouds-Tree Stem Mapping in Open Stands in Comparison to Terrestrial Laser Scanner Point Clouds","volume":"XL-1\/W2","author":"Fritz","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS-Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2012.01.005","article-title":"Unmanned aircraft systems: Surveillance, ethics and privacy in civil applications","volume":"28","author":"Finn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Law Secur. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Wagner, M. (2017, July 17). Oxford Public International Law. Available online: http:\/\/opil.ouplaw.com\/view\/10.1093\/law:epil\/9780199231690\/law-9780199231690-e2133."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.02.013","article-title":"Unmanned aerial systems for photogrammetry and remote sensing: A review","volume":"92","author":"Colomina","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, D.M., Barnhart, R.K., Shappee, E., and Most, M. (2016). Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315372044"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.83.4.317","article-title":"The Rise of UAVs","volume":"83","author":"Cummings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Barnhart, R.K., Hottman, S.B., Marshall, D.M., and Shappee, E. (2012). Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems, CRC Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1187","article-title":"The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for remote sensing and mapping","volume":"37","author":"Everaerts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Eisenbeiss, H. (2009). UAV Photogrammetry. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Kakaes, K., Greenwood, F., Lippincott, M., Dosemagen, S., Meier, P., and Wich, S. (2015). Drones and Aerial Observation: New Technologies for Property Rights, Human Rights, and Global Development a Primer, New America."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeed, A.S., Younes, A.B., Islam, S., Dias, J., Seneviratne, L., and Cai, G. (2015, January 9\u201312). A review on the platform design, dynamic modeling and control of hybrid UAVs. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS.2015.7152365"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-012-9274-5","article-title":"The application of small unmanned aerial systems for precision, Drones and Aerial Observation: New Technologies for property rights, human rights, and global development a primer agriculture: A review","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-012-9257-6","article-title":"A flexible unmanned aerial vehicle for precision agriculture","volume":"13","author":"Primicerio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1489","article-title":"DRELIO: An Unmanned Helicopter for Imaging Coastal Areas","volume":"II","author":"Delacourt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9632","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70809632","article-title":"Inventory of Small Forest Areas Using an Unmanned Aerial System","volume":"7","author":"Puliti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-1-C22-201-2011","article-title":"Surveying a landslide in a road embankment using unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry","volume":"XXXVIII-1\/C22","author":"Carvajal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-013-0120-x","article-title":"UAV for 3D mapping applications: A review","volume":"6","author":"Nex","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2011.555823","article-title":"USDA forest service\u2013NASA: Unmanned aerial systems demonstrations\u2013pushing the leading edge in fire mapping","volume":"26","author":"Hinkley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1139\/juvs-2014-0006","article-title":"Remote sensing of the environment with small unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), part 1: A review of progress and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Whitehead","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Unmanned Veh. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1029\/2012EO250005","article-title":"Small unmanned aircraft systems for remote sensing and Earth science research","volume":"93","author":"Hugenholtz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2008.08.001","article-title":"On unmanned aircraft systems issues, challenges and operational restrictions preventing integration into the National Airspace System","volume":"44","author":"Dalamagkidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Aerosp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"European Commission (2007). Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General. Study Analysing the Current Activities in the Field of UAV, Frost and Sullivan. ENTR 065."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2017, July 17). Federal Aviation Administration, Certificates of Waiver or Authorization (COA), Available online: https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/about\/office_org\/headquarters_offices\/ato\/service_units\/systemops\/aaim\/organizations\/uas\/coa\/."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2017, July 17). Federal Aviation Administration, Fact Sheet-Small Unmanned Aircraft Regulations (Part 107), Available online: https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/news\/fact_sheets\/news_story.cfm?newsId=20516."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4061671","article-title":"Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Remote Sensing and Scientific Research: Classification and Considerations of Use","volume":"4","author":"Watts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ag\u00fcera-Vega, F., Carvajal-Ram\u00edrez, F., and Mart\u00ednez-Carricondo, P. (2017). Accuracy of Digital Surface Models and Orthophotos Derived from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry. J. Surv. Eng., 143.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)SU.1943-5428.0000206"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033542","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3216822","article-title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle-based remote sensing for rangeland assessment, monitoring, and management","volume":"3","author":"Rango","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13895","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71013895","article-title":"Optimal Altitude, Overlap, and Weather Conditions for Computer Vision UAV Estimates of Forest Structure","volume":"7","author":"Dandois","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"eMotion 3 (2017). eMotion 3 User Manual, senseFly a Parrot Company, senseFly SA. Revision 1.5."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2017, July 24). University of New Hampshire, Office of Woodlands and Natural Areas, General Information. Available online: https:\/\/colsa.unh.edu\/woodlands\/general-information."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Eisenhaure, S. (2008). Kingman Farm Management and Operations Plan, University of New Hampshire."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2017, June 12). New Hampshire (NH) GRANIT), New Hampshire Statewide GIS Clearinghouse. Available online: http:\/\/www.granit.unh.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2017, June 05). New Hampshire GRANIT LiDAR Distribution Site. Available online: http:\/\/lidar.unh.edu\/map\/."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Avery, T.E., and Berlin, G.L. (1985). Interpretation of Aerial Photographs, Burgess Publishing Company. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2017). Pix4DMapper User Manual, Pix4D SA. version 3.2."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2017, June 12). Pix4D Support, How to Improve the Outputs in Dense Vegetation Areas?. Available online: https:\/\/support.pix4d.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/202560159-How-to-improve-the-outputs-of-dense-vegetation-areas-#gsc.tab=0."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2018, February 05). Pix4D Support, Quality Report Help. Available online: https:\/\/support.pix4d.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/202558689#label101."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.02.022","article-title":"Mapping by matching: A computer vision-based approach to fast and accurate georeferencing of archaeological aerial photographs","volume":"39","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2012.12.003","article-title":"Multi-image 3D reconstruction data evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Koutsoudis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4061573","article-title":"Assessing the Accuracy of Georeferenced Point Clouds Produced via Multi-View Stereopsis from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Imagery","volume":"4","author":"Harwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.05.011","article-title":"Reproducibility of UAV-based earth topography reconstructions based on Structure-from-Motion algorithms","volume":"260","author":"Clapuyt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2041157","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Vegetation Structure Using Computer Vision","volume":"2","author":"Dandois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.76.6.661","article-title":"Acquisition, Orthorectification, and Object-based Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Imagery for Rangeland Monitoring","volume":"76","author":"Laliberte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2013.03.023","article-title":"Geomorphological mapping with a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS): Feature detection and accuracy assessment of a photogrammetrically-derived digital terrain model","volume":"194","author":"Hugenholtz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"677","article-title":"Remote sensing and geographic information system data integration: Error sources and research issues","volume":"57","author":"Lunetta","year":"1991","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-015-0088-y","article-title":"Drone remote sensing for forestry research and practices","volume":"26","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. For. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/6\/908\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:07:56Z","timestamp":1760195276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/6\/908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10060908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10060908","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]}}}