{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:16:43Z","timestamp":1776277003641,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS 1539795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS 1539795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shade-grown coffee (shade coffee) is an important component of the forested tropics, and is essential to the conservation of forest-dependent biodiversity. Despite its importance, shade coffee is challenging to map using remotely sensed data given its spectral similarity to forested land. This paper addresses this challenge in three districts of northern Nicaragua, here leveraging cloud-based computing techniques within Google Earth Engine (GEE) to integrate multi-seasonal Landsat 8 satellite imagery (30 m), and physiographic variables (temperature, topography, and precipitation). Applying a random forest machine learning algorithm using reference data from two field surveys produced a 90.5% accuracy across ten classes of land cover, with an 82.1% and 80.0% user\u2019s and producer\u2019s accuracy respectively for shade-grown coffee. Comparing classification accuracies obtained from five datasets exploring different combinations of non-seasonal and seasonal spectral data as well as physiographic data also revealed a trend of increasing accuracy when seasonal data were included in the model and a significant improvement (7.8\u201320.1%) when topographical data were integrated with spectral data. These results are significant in piloting an open-access and user-friendly approach to mapping heterogeneous shade coffee landscapes with high overall accuracy, even in locations with persistent cloud cover.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T11:06:06Z","timestamp":1528974366000},"page":"952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Using Google Earth Engine to Map Complex Shade-Grown Coffee Landscapes in Northern Nicaragua"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6638-4017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa C.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environment, University of Hawai\u2019i-M\u00e3noa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA"}]},{"given":"Lincoln","family":"Pitcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Bacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.2307\/1312989","article-title":"Shade coffee: A disappearing refuge for biodiversity","volume":"46","author":"Perfecto","year":"1996","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1999.97153.x","article-title":"Biodiversity conservation in traditional coffee systems of Mexico","volume":"13","author":"Moguel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Conserv. 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