{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T23:35:11Z","timestamp":1768692911206,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1181300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1181300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Millennium Nucleous Center for the Study of Multiple Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological System (MUSELS) funded by MINECON","award":["NC120086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC120086"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Western Patagonia harbors unique and sparsely studied terrestrial ecosystems that are threatened by land use changes and exposure to basin-scale climatic variability. We assessed the performance of two satellite vegetation indices derived from MODIS\u2013Terra, EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), over the northern and southern sectors of the Chilo\u00e9 Island System (CIS) to advance our understanding of vegetation dynamics in the region. Then we examined their time-varying relationships with two climatic indices indicative of tropical and extratropical influence, the ENSO (El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation) and the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) index, respectively. The 17-year time series showed that only EVI captured the seasonal pattern characteristic of temperate regions, with low (high) phenological activity during Autumn-Winter (Spring\u2013Summer). NDVI saturated during the season of high productivity and failed to capture the seasonal cycle. Temporal patterns in productivity showed a weakened seasonal cycle during the past decade, particularly over the northern sector. We observed a non-stationary association between EVI and both climatic indices. Significant co-variation between EVI and the Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation index in the annual band persisted from 2001 until 2008\u20132009; annual coherence with AAO prevailed from 2013 onwards and the 2009\u20132012 period was characterized by coherence between EVI and both climate indices over longer temporal scales. Our results suggest that the influence of large-scale climatic variability on local weather patterns drives phenological responses in the northern and southern regions of the CIS. The imprint of climatic variability on patterns of primary production across the CIS may be underpinned by spatial differences in the anthropogenic modification of this ecosystem, as the northern sector is strongly modified by forestry and agriculture. We highlight the need for field validation of satellite indices around areas of high biomass and high endemism, located in the southern sector of the island, in order to enhance the utility of satellite vegetation indices in the conservation and management of austral ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T11:21:20Z","timestamp":1529061680000},"page":"956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Temporal Variability of MODIS Phenological Indices in the Temperate Rainforest of Northern Patagonia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Lara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-464X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Sald\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Casilla 5-C, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"},{"name":"Centro FONDAP de Investigaci\u00f3n en Din\u00e1mica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5110566, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3174-0979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Mag\u00edster en Estad\u00edstica, Facultad de Matem\u00e1ticas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7972-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Cazelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBENS, UMR 8197, Eco-Evolution Math\u00e9matique, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, 75230 Paris, France"},{"name":"UMMISCO, UMI 209 IRD-UPMC, 93142 Bondy, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6582-3188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Broitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas \u00c1ridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1781681, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Marina, Facultad de Ciencias de Mar, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01286","article-title":"A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems","volume":"421","author":"Parmesan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2001.015002320.x","article-title":"Ecological consequences of recent climate change","volume":"15","author":"McCarty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Conserv. 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