{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T01:48:22Z","timestamp":1784512102037,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]],"date-time":"2018-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vulnerability assessment is one of the prerequisites for risk analysis in disaster management. Vulnerability to earthquakes, especially in urban areas, has increased over the years due to the presence of complex urban structures and rapid development. Urban vulnerability is a result of human behavior which describes the extent of susceptibility or resilience of social, economic, and physical assets to natural disasters. The main aim of this paper is to develop a new hybrid framework using Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for constructing a composite social, economic, environmental, and physical vulnerability index. This index was then applied to Tabriz City, which is a seismic-prone province in the northwestern part of Iran with recurring devastating earthquakes and consequent heavy casualties and damages. A Geographical Information Systems (GIS) analysis was used to identify and evaluate quantitative vulnerability indicators for generating an earthquake vulnerability map. The classified and standardized indicators were subsequently weighed and ranked using an ANP model to construct the training database. Then, standardized maps coupled with the training site maps were presented as input to a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network for producing an Earthquake Vulnerability Map (EVM). Finally, an EVM was produced for Tabriz City and the level of vulnerability in various zones was obtained. South and southeast regions of Tabriz City indicate low to moderate vulnerability, while some zones of the northeastern tract are under critical vulnerability conditions. Furthermore, the impact of the vulnerability of Tabriz City on population during an earthquake was included in this analysis for risk estimation. A comparison of the result produced by EVM and the Population Vulnerability (PV) of Tabriz City corroborated the validity of the results obtained by ANP-ANN. The findings of this paper are useful for decision-makers and government authorities to obtain a better knowledge of a city\u2019s vulnerability dimensions, and to adopt preparedness strategies in the future for Tabriz City. The developed hybrid framework of ANP and ANN Models can easily be replicated and applied to other urban regions around the world for sustainability and environmental management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]],"date-time":"2018-06-19T11:20:36Z","timestamp":1529407236000},"page":"975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["A Hybrid Analytic Network Process and Artificial Neural Network (ANP-ANN) Model for Urban Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Ngah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovative Planning and Development (CIPD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazlan","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geoscience and Digital Earth Centre (INSTeG), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biswajeet","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Systems, Management and Leadership, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, 123 Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering, Choongmu-gwan, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8783-5120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin Beiranvand","family":"Pour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.06.004","article-title":"Assessing urban flooding vulnerability with an emergy approach","volume":"143","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1177\/030913259602000407","article-title":"Vulnerability to environmental hazards","volume":"20","author":"Cutter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog. Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.271","article-title":"Vulnerability assessment including tangible and intangible components in the index composition: An Amazon case study of flooding and flash flooding","volume":"630","author":"Claudio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.11.009","article-title":"Ecological vulnerability in risk assessment\u2014A review and perspectives","volume":"408","author":"Sala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"GLP (2005). Science Plan and Implementation Strategy, GLP. IGBP Report No.53\/IHDP Report No. 19."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.013","article-title":"Vulnerability and risk of deltaic social-ecological systems exposed to multiple hazards","volume":"631\u2013632","author":"Hagenlocher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2010.08.002","article-title":"Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity: Towards a clarification of the science\u2013policy interface","volume":"21","author":"Hinkel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Urbanization and Global Environmental Change (UGEC) (2005). Science Plan, UGEC. IHDP Report No. 15."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8074","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1231335100","article-title":"A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science","volume":"100","author":"Turner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., and Davis, I. (2004). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People\u2019s Vulnerability, and Disasters, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203974575"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/1365881031000114071","article-title":"Assessing vulnerability to earthquake hazards through spatial multicriteria analysis of urban areas","volume":"17","author":"Rashed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2013.02.036","article-title":"Earthquake prediction in seismogenic areas of the Iberian Peninsula based on computational intelligence","volume":"593","author":"Reyes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024805410454","article-title":"Seismic vulnerability of historical constructions: A contribution","volume":"1","author":"Oliveira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"D\u2019Ayala, D.F., Carriero, A., Sabbadini, F., Fanciullacci, D., Ozelik, P., Akdogan, M., and Kaya, Y. (2008, January 12\u201317). Seismic Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Cultural Heritage Buildings in Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.01.011","article-title":"The relationship between energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth in new emerging-market countries","volume":"147","author":"Bakirtas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-011-9808-6","article-title":"An integrated earthquake vulnerability assessment framework for urban areas","volume":"59","author":"Duzgun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2015.10.006","article-title":"Economic transition, urbanization and population redistribution in China","volume":"51","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.12.039","article-title":"The development of a participatory assessment technique for infrastructure: Neighborhood-level monitoring towards sustainable infrastructure systems","volume":"38","author":"Hendricksa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcip.2013.10.001","article-title":"Vulnerability modeling and analysis for critical infrastructure protection applications","volume":"6","author":"Marrone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. Protect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tucker, B.E., Trumbull, J.G., and Wyss, S.J. (1994). Some remarks concerning worldwide urban earthquake hazard and earthquake hazard mitigation. Issues in Urban Earthquake Risk, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8338-1_1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2011.05.002","article-title":"Earthquakes magnitude predication using artificial neural network in northern Red Sea area","volume":"24","author":"Alarifi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2009.05.003","article-title":"A probabilistic neural network for earthquake magnitude prediction","volume":"22","author":"Adeli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scient.2012.02.008","article-title":"The use of neural networks for the prediction of the critical factor of safety of an artificial slope subjected to earthquake forces","volume":"19","author":"Erzin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Iran."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1264-7","article-title":"Earthquake magnitude prediction by adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based on fuzzy C-means algorithm","volume":"74","author":"Mirrashid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.05.043","article-title":"Artificial neural networks for earthquake prediction using time series magnitude data or Seismic Electric Signals","volume":"38","author":"Moustra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2016.07.013","article-title":"Isoseismal map of the 2015 Nepal earthquake and its relationships with ground-motion parameters, distance and magnitude","volume":"133","author":"Prajapati","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021108932582","article-title":"Sensitivity of seismic hazard evaluations to uncertainties determined from seismic source characterization","volume":"6","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Seismol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1096-5","article-title":"Incorporation of directivity effect in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and disaggregation of Tabriz city","volume":"73","author":"Yousefi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-013-0112-8","article-title":"Application of neural network and ANFIS model for earthquake occurrence in Iran","volume":"6","author":"Zamani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Inf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(01)00257-6","article-title":"Chains of damages and failures in a metropolitan environment: Some observations on the Kobe earthquake in 1995","volume":"86","author":"Menoni","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(97)00088-3","article-title":"Application of neural networks and statistical pattern recognition algorithms to earthquake risk evaluation","volume":"18","author":"Giacinto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"120","article-title":"Zonation of Earthquake Building Damage Hazard Area Using Kohonen Neural Network (NN) and Kriging Algorithm","volume":"8","author":"Irwansyah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Nat. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2013.02.003","article-title":"Interseismic strain accumulation across the North Tabriz Fault (NW Iran) deduced from InSAR time series","volume":"66","author":"Karimzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2014.06.026","article-title":"A GIS-based seismic hazard, building vulnerability and human loss assessment for the earthquake scenario in Tabriz","volume":"66","author":"Karimzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.12989\/eas.2010.1.2.197","article-title":"Development of comprehensive earthquake loss scenarios for a Greek and a Turkish city-structural aspects","volume":"1","author":"Kappos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earthq. Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2016.08.002","article-title":"Using structural damage statistics to derive macroseismic intensity within the Kathmandu valley for the 2015 M7.8 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake","volume":"714\u2013715","author":"McGowan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4401\/ag-3781","article-title":"Seismic hazard assessment of Iran","volume":"42","author":"Tavakoli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-010-9233-3","article-title":"Seismic vulnerability and risk assessment: Case study of the historic city centre of Coimbra, Portugal","volume":"9","author":"Vicente","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"467","article-title":"Comparative gasketed plate heat exchanger performance prediction with computations, experiments, correlations and artificial neural network estimations","volume":"11","author":"Aradag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.08.008","article-title":"Neural network river forecasting through baseflow separation and binary-coded swarm optimization","volume":"529","author":"Taormina","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-014-0657-x","article-title":"Ground vibration prediction in quarry blasting through an artificial neural network optimized by imperialist competitive algorithm","volume":"74","author":"Hajihassani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2006.09.008","article-title":"Reliability and performance-based design by artificial neural network","volume":"38","author":"Chau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-015-0400-7","article-title":"Prediction of seismic slope stability through combination of particle swarm optimization and neural network","volume":"32","author":"Gordan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0992-144","article-title":"How neural networks learn from experience","volume":"267","author":"Hinton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Jensen, B. (1994). Expert systems-neural networks. Instrument Engineers\u2019 Handbook, Chilton. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, C.M. (1995). Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198538493.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"225","article-title":"Fuzzy prediction of AWJ turbulence characteristics by using typical multi-phase flow models","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-016-2373-x","article-title":"Vertical extrapolation of wind speed using artificial neural network hybrid system","volume":"28","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Purohit, G.N., and Mukherjee, S. (2018). Information Retrieves from Brain MRI Images for Tumor Detection Using Hybrid Technique K-means and Artificial Neural Network (KMANN). Networking Communication and Data Knowledge Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-4600-1_14"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"156","article-title":"Multilayer perceptrons","volume":"2","author":"Haykin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-003-0825-y","article-title":"Use of an artificial neural network for analysis of the susceptibility to landslides at Boun, Korea","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(03)00142-X","article-title":"Determination and application of the weights for landslide susceptibility mapping using an artificial neural network","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2007.122.4.1561","article-title":"Urban Property Rights and Labor Supply in Peru","volume":"122","author":"Field","year":"2007","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.10.022","article-title":"Developing a holistic model for earthquake risk assessment and disaster management interventions in urban fabrics","volume":"27","author":"Mili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2017.05.014","article-title":"Development of an integrated model for seismic vulnerability assessment of residential buildings: Application to Mahabad City, Iran","volume":"12","author":"Bahadori","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., van den Berg, A.E., Dijk, T.V., and Weitkamp, G. (2017). Quality over Quantity: Contribution of Urban Green Space to Neighborhood Satisfaction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14050535"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.09.237","article-title":"A study on fragility analyses of masonry buildings in Erzincan (Turkey) utilizing simulated and real ground motion records","volume":"199","author":"Karimzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-017-0132-y","article-title":"Vulnerability to Earthquake Hazard: Bucharest Case Study, Romania","volume":"8","author":"Armas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0412-1","article-title":"Constructing a social vulnerability index to earthquake hazards using a hybrid factor analysis and analytic network process (F\u2019ANP) model","volume":"65","author":"Zebardast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Landslide risk analysis using artificial neural network model focussing on different training sites","volume":"4","author":"Pradhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2009.00595.x","article-title":"Recurrent neural network for approximate earthquake time and location prediction using multiple seismicity indicators","volume":"24","author":"Panakkat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Ghayamghamian, M.R., and Rajool, A. (2012, January 23\u201325). Long-period Ground Motion Simulation for NTF Fault Near-source energy released. Proceedings of the Fifteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Berberian, M. (1976). Contribution to the Seismotectonics of Iran (Part II\u2013III): In Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Pahlavi Dynasty, Ministry of Industry and Mines, Geological Survey of Iran, Tectonic and Seismotectonic Section. No. 39."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12471","DOI":"10.1029\/92JB00944","article-title":"Partitioning of strike-slip and convergent motion between Eurasia and Arabia in eastern Turkey and the Caucasus","volume":"97","author":"Jackson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1017\/S0041977X00090972","article-title":"Earthquakes in Persia","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","year":"1930","journal-title":"Bull. Sch. Orient. Stud. Lond. Inst"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"104","article-title":"Risk assessment of earth fractures by constructing an intrinsic vulnerability map, a specific vulnerability map, and a hazard map, using Yuci City, Shanxi, China as an example","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9341(99)00004-0","article-title":"Utilizing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in SWOT analysis\u2014A hybrid method and its application to a forest-certification case","volume":"1","author":"Kurttila","year":"2000","journal-title":"For. Policy Econ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/014461996373575","article-title":"Validation of the model for evaluating client-generated risk by project consultants","volume":"14","author":"Kometa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Constr. Manag. Econ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/01446199300000048","article-title":"The effect of contractor size on mark-up size decision in Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Shash","year":"1993","journal-title":"Constr. Manag. Econ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.12.036","article-title":"Challenges of Urban Housing Quality: Insights and Experiences of Akure, Nigeria","volume":"216","author":"Adeoye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"ESRI (2005). Arc GIS Network Analyst Routing, Closest Facility, and Service Area Analysis, ESRI."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Sandi, H. (1986, January 7\u201312). Vulnerability and risk analysis for individual structures and systems. Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9488(2003)129:3(140)","article-title":"Natural disaster management in Iran during the 1990s-need for a new structure","volume":"129","author":"Bahrainy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Urban Plan. Dev."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"2","article-title":"Evaluarea comport\u00e3rii structurale si a ulnerabilit\u00e3tii seismice folosind metodologiile HAZUS si ATC-40 modificat","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Cornea","year":"2001","journal-title":"A doua Conferint\u00e3 National\u00e3 de Inginerie Seismic\u00e3"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/0004-5608.00219","article-title":"Revealing the vulnerability of people and places: A case study of Georgetown County, South Carolina","volume":"90","author":"Cutter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6237.8402002","article-title":"Social vulnerability to environmental hazards","volume":"84","author":"Cutter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710375105","article-title":"Temporal and spatial changes in social vulnerability to natural hazards","volume":"105","author":"Cutter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-008-9264-0","article-title":"Urban social vulnerability assessment with physical proxies and spatial metrics derived from air-and spaceborne imagery and GIS data","volume":"48","author":"Ebert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-011-0068-7","article-title":"Tehran\u2019s seismic vulnerability classification using granular computing approach","volume":"3","author":"Alinia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-3357-2013","article-title":"Post-earthquake ignition vulnerability assessment of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00e7ekmece District","volume":"13","author":"Yildiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"4511","article-title":"Seismic vulnerability assessment of Atmospheric Open Access Atmospheric Measurement school buildings in Tehran city based on Techniques Open Access Discussions AHP and GIS","volume":"14","author":"Panahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"131","article-title":"Estimation of the local response using Nakamura method for Bucharest area","volume":"60","author":"Zaharia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Roman. Rep. Phys."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0152-2","article-title":"Social vulnerability indices: A comparative assessment using uncertainty and sensitivity analysis","volume":"63","author":"Tate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Bakhtiari, A. (2014). Country Report: The Islamic Republic of Iran on Disaster Risk Management, Iranian National Disaster Management Organization (NDMO) and Visiting Researcher at ADRC."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-15-461-2015","article-title":"GIS modeling of seismic vulnerability of residential fabrics considering geotechnical, structural, social and physical distance indicators in Tehran using multi-criteria decision-making techniques","volume":"15","author":"Rezaie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00291951.2010.550167","article-title":"Social vulnerability assessment for Norway: A quantitative approach","volume":"65","author":"Holand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-Norwegian J. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-1481-2013","article-title":"Social vulnerability assessment using spatial multi-criteria analysis (SEVI model) and the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI model)\u2014A case study for Bucharest, Romania","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2015.04.007","article-title":"Climate change vulnerability assessment in Georgia","volume":"62","author":"Binita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.006","article-title":"The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the national level and the implications for adaptation","volume":"15","author":"Brooks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0084-x","article-title":"Social vulnerability assessment to seismic risk using multicriteria analysis: The case study of Vila Franca do Campo (Sao Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal)","volume":"62","author":"Martins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-012-1253-8","article-title":"Regional earthquake vulnerability assessment using a combination of MCDM methods","volume":"234","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2015.10.002","article-title":"An augmented approach for measurement of disaster resilience using connective factor analysis and analytic network process (F\u2019ANP) model","volume":"14","author":"Asadzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2011.652649","article-title":"Risk perception and social vulnerability to earthquakes in Grenoble (French Alps)","volume":"15","author":"Beck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Risk Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2007.09.001","article-title":"Insights into the composition of household vulnerability from multicriteria decision analysis","volume":"18","author":"Eakin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Lungu, D., Aldea, A., Arion, C., Cornea, T., and Vacareanu, R. (2004, January 24\u201326). European distinctive features inventory database and typology. Proceedings of the International Conference Earthquake Loss Estimation and Risk Reduction 2004, Bucuresti, Romania."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2005.07.001","article-title":"The impact of disaster education on public preparation and mitigation for earthquakes: A cross-country comparison between Fukui, Japan and the San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA","volume":"25","author":"Tanaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-009-9475-z","article-title":"Earthquake vulnerability and seismic risk assessment of urban areas in high seismic regions: Application to Chania City, Crete Island, Greece","volume":"54","author":"Sarris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2013.782468","article-title":"An assessment of spatio-temporal pattern of urban earthquake vulnerability using GIS: A study on Dhaka City","volume":"19","author":"Debnath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. GIS"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2006.00810.x","article-title":"Earthquake risk perception in Bucharest, Romania","volume":"26","year":"2006","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-008-9229-3","article-title":"Social vulnerability and seismic risk perception. Case study: The historic center of the Bucharest Municipality\/Romania","volume":"47","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-008-9337-0","article-title":"Perception of flood risk in Danube Delta, Romania","volume":"50","author":"Avram","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0209-2","article-title":"Multi-criteria vulnerability analysis to earthquake hazard of Bucharest, Romania","volume":"63","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2016.10.001","article-title":"Identifying seismic vulnerability hotspots in Bucharest","volume":"77","author":"Ionescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., and Qin, S. (2012, January 22\u201327). Automatic depicting algorithm of earthquake collapsed buildings with airborne high resolution image. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6351400"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.3390\/su4092022","article-title":"Urban Vulnerability in Bantul District, Indonesia\u2014Towards Safer and Sustainable Development","volume":"4","author":"Hizbaron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2011.06.005","article-title":"Determining vulnerability importance in environmental impact assessment: The case of Colombia","volume":"32","author":"Toro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Blume, J.H. (1997). An Urban Earthquake Disaster Risk Index, Standford University, Earthquake Engineering Center."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916596283003","article-title":"Gender and environmental risk concern a review and analysis of available research","volume":"28","author":"Davidson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnamurthy, P.K., and Krishnamurthy, L. (2011). Social Vulnerability Assessment through GIS Techniques: A Case Study of Flood Risk Mapping in Mexico. Geospatial Techniques for Managing Environmental Resources, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1858-6_17"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-011-0046-8","article-title":"Assessing future risk: Quantifying the effects of sea level rise on storm surge risk for the southern shores of Long Island, New York","volume":"60","author":"Shepard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Granger, K., Jones, T.G., Leiba, M., and Scott, G. (1999). Community Risk in Cairns: A Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"52","article-title":"Using social indicators to measure community vulnerability to natural hazards","volume":"15","author":"King","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust. J. Emerg. Manag."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L. (1996). Analytical Network Process, RWS Publications."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2007.05.017","article-title":"Third-party logistics: A literature review","volume":"113","author":"Marasco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2004.02.006","article-title":"Analytic network process (ANP) approach for product mix planning in semiconductor fabricator","volume":"96","author":"Chung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"236","article-title":"Prediction of inelastic response spectra using artificial neural networks","volume":"34","author":"Ruiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2008.02.026","article-title":"Reliability analysis of structures using artificial neural network based genetic algorithms","volume":"197","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919420","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/919420","article-title":"Peak ground acceleration prediction by artificial neural networks for northwestern Turkey","volume":"2008","year":"2008","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2011.03.005","article-title":"Analytic network process in risk assessment and decision analysis","volume":"42","author":"Ergu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/002075499191751","article-title":"Analyzing organizational project alternatives for agile manufacturing processes: An analytical network approach","volume":"37","author":"Meade","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2011.09.012","article-title":"An analytic network process approach to operationalization of five forces model","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2015.10.002","article-title":"Environmental vulnerability assessment using Grey Analytic Hierarchy Process based model","volume":"56","author":"Sahoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.10.110","article-title":"PM 10 emission forecasting using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithm input variable optimization","volume":"443","author":"Pocajt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2014.06.004","article-title":"Comparison of classical statistical methods and artificial neural network in traffic noise prediction","volume":"49","author":"Nedic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"Hagan, M.T., Demuth, H.B., and Beale, M. (1996). Neural Network Design, PWS Pub."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169508954607","article-title":"A review and analysis of backpropagation neural networks for classification of remotely-sensed multi-spectral imagery","volume":"16","author":"Paola","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697218700","article-title":"Introduction neural networks in remote sensing","volume":"18","author":"Atkinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"513","article-title":"Integrated analysis of spatial data for multiple sources: Using evidential reasoning and artificial neural network techniques for geological mapping","volume":"62","author":"Gong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abraham, A. (2005). Artificial neural networks. Handbook of Measuring System Design, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471497398.mm421"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-009-0183-2","article-title":"Regional landslide susceptibility analysis using back-propagation neural network model at Cameron Highland, Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"Pradhan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardona, O.D., van Aalst, M.K., Birkmann, J., Fordham, M., McGregor, G., and Mechler, R. (2012). Determinants of Risk: Exposure and Vulnerability, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139177245.005"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelling, M., and Wisner, B. (2012). Disaster Risk Reduction: Cases from Urban Africa, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781849771016"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.01.003","article-title":"Territorial vulnerability assessment frame in Colombia: Disaster risk management","volume":"21","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"Steinf\u00fchrer, A. (2007). Social Vulnerability and the 2002 Flood, Helmholz Unweltforschungszentrum (UFZ). Country Report Germany (Mulde River)."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/6\/975\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:09:21Z","timestamp":1760195361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/6\/975"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10060975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10060975","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]]}}}