{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T20:16:44Z","timestamp":1774642604378,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]],"date-time":"2018-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA","award":["NNX10AU77G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX10AU77G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantifying emissions from crop residue burning is crucial as it is a significant source of air pollution. In this study, we first compared the fire products from two different sensors, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) 375 m active fire product (VNP14IMG) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 1 km fire product (MCD14ML) in an agricultural landscape, Punjab, India. We then performed an intercomparison of three different approaches for estimating total particulate matter (TPM) emissions which includes the fire radiative power (FRP) based approach using VIIRS and MODIS data, the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) burnt area emissions and a bottom-up emissions approach involving agricultural census data. Results revealed that VIIRS detected fires were higher by a factor of 4.8 compared to MODIS Aqua and Terra sensors. Further, VIIRS detected fires were higher by a factor of 6.5 than Aqua. The mean monthly MODIS Aqua FRP was found to be higher than the VIIRS FRP; however, the sum of FRP from VIIRS was higher than MODIS data due to the large number of fires detected by the VIIRS. Besides, the VIIRS sum of FRP was 2.5 times more than the MODIS sum of FRP. MODIS and VIIRS monthly FRP data were found to be strongly correlated (r2 = 0.98). The bottom-up approach suggested TPM emissions in the range of 88.19\u201391.19 Gg compared to 42.0\u201361.71 Gg, 42.59\u201358.75 Gg and 93.98\u2013111.72 Gg using the GFED, MODIS FRP, and VIIRS FRP based approaches, respectively. Of the different approaches, VIIRS FRP TPM emissions were highest. Since VIIRS data are only available since 2012 compared to MODIS Aqua data which have been available since May 2002, a prediction model combining MODIS and VIIRS FRP was derived to obtain potential TPM emissions from 2003\u20132016. The results suggested a range of 2.56\u201363.66 (Gg) TPM emissions per month, with the highest crop residue emissions during November of each year. Our results on TPM emissions for seasonality matched the ground-based data from the literature. As a mitigation option, stringent policy measures are recommended to curtail agricultural residue burning in the study area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10070978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,22]],"date-time":"2018-06-22T02:46:21Z","timestamp":1529635581000},"page":"978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Intercomparison of MODIS AQUA and VIIRS I-Band Fires and Emissions in an Agricultural Landscape\u2014Implications for Air Pollution Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Krishna","family":"Vadrevu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8980-8943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristofer","family":"Lasko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GB001382","article-title":"Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning","volume":"15","author":"Andreae","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.16943\/ptinsa\/2014\/v80i1\/55089","article-title":"Management of cereal crop residues for sustainable rice-wheat production system in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India","volume":"80","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2009.04.004","article-title":"Analysis of aerosol and carbon monoxide characteristics over Arabian Sea during crop residue burning period in the Indo-Gangetic Plains using multi-satellite remote sensing datasets","volume":"71","author":"Badarinath","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biophysical and anthropogenic controls of forest fires in the Deccan Plateau","volume":"86","author":"Prasad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.04.091","article-title":"Biomass burning sources and their contributions to the local air quality in Hong Kong","volume":"596","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itahashi, S., Uno, I., Irie, H., Kurokawa, J.I., and Ohara, T. (2018). Impacts of biomass burning emissions on over tropospheric continental NO southeast 2 vertical Asia column density. Land-Atmospheric Research Applications in South and Southeast Asia, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67474-2_4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pochanart, P., Akimoto, H., Kajii, Y., and Sukasem, P. (2003). Carbon monoxide, regional-scale transport, and biomass burning in tropical continental Southeast Asia: Observations in rural Thailand. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003360"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.03.017","article-title":"Biomass fuel burning and its implications: Deforestation and greenhouse gases emissions in Pakistan","volume":"158","author":"Tahir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.04.066","article-title":"An overview of regional experiments on biomass burning aerosols and related pollutants in Southeast Asia: From BASE-ASIA and the Dongsha Experiment to 7-SEAS","volume":"78","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5307.1777","article-title":"Direct radiative forcing by smoke from biomass burning","volume":"275","author":"Hobbs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, N.C., Herman, J.R., and Tsay, S.C. (2003). Radiative impacts from biomass burning in the presence of clouds during boreal spring in southeast Asia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL016485"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164857","article-title":"Brown clouds over South Asia: Biomass or fossil fuel combustion?","volume":"323","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.H., Lin, N.H., Chou, M.D., and Woo, J.H. (2007). Estimate of radiative forcing of Asian biomass-burning aerosols during the period of TRACE-P. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007564"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.204","article-title":"Radiative response of biomass-burning aerosols over an urban atmosphere in northern peninsular Southeast Asia","volume":"633","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2012.05.013","article-title":"Black carbon aerosol variations over Patiala city, Punjab, India\u2014A study during agriculture crop residue burning period using ground measurements and satellite data","volume":"84","author":"Kharol","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(08)60007-8","article-title":"Investigation on emission factors of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from crop residue burning","volume":"20","author":"Cao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thumaty, K.C., Rodda, S.R., Singhal, J., Gopalakrishnan, R., Jha, C.S., Parsi, G.D., and Dadhwal, V.K. (2015). Spatio-temporal characterization of agriculture residue burning in Punjab and Haryana, India, using MODIS and Suomi NPP VIIRS data. Curr. Sci., 109.","DOI":"10.18520\/v109\/i10\/1850-1868"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0645","article-title":"Is exposure to biomass smoke the biggest risk factor for COPD globally?","volume":"138","author":"Sundeep","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.05.087","article-title":"A review of diseases associated with household air pollution due to the use of biomass fuels","volume":"192","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Agriculture crop residue burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plains\u2013a study using IRS-P6 AWiFS satellite data","volume":"91","author":"Badarinath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.03.001","article-title":"MODIS derived fire characteristics and aerosol optical depth variations during the agricultural residue burning season, north India","volume":"159","author":"Vadrevu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.05.007","article-title":"Aerosol indirect effect over Indo-Gangetic plain","volume":"41","author":"Tripathi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.07.054","article-title":"A study for development of emission factors for trace gases and carbonaceous particulate species from in situ burning of wheat straw in agricultural fields in India","volume":"41","author":"Sahai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2013.01.0031","article-title":"Emission of air pollutants from crop residue burning in India","volume":"14","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"24","article-title":"Emissions from crop\/biomass residue burning risk to atmospheric quality","volume":"1","author":"Satyendra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granier, C., Bessagnet, B., Bond, T., D\u2019Angiola, A., van Der Gon, H.D., Frost, G.J., Heil, A., Kaiser, J.W., Kinne, S., and Klimont, Z. (2011). Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980\u20132010 period. Clim. Chang., 109.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0154-1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-527-2012","article-title":"Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power","volume":"9","author":"Kaiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wooster, M.J., and Zhang, Y.H. (2004). Boreal forest fires burn less intensely in Russia than in North America. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020805"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.02.009","article-title":"Global characterization of biomass-burning patterns using satellite measurements of fire radiative energy","volume":"112","author":"Ichoku","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.857328","article-title":"A method to derive smoke emission rates from MODIS fire radiative energy measurements","volume":"43","author":"Ichoku","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.12.016","article-title":"A new top-down approach for directly estimating biomass burning emissions and fuel consumption rates and totals from geostationary satellite fire radiative power (FRP)","volume":"206","author":"Mota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2210699","article-title":"Hotspot analysis of vegetation fires and intensity in the Indian region","volume":"6","author":"Vadrevu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00070-1","article-title":"Fire radiative energy for quantitative study of biomass burning: Derivation from the BIRD experimental satellite and comparison to MODIS fire products","volume":"86","author":"Wooster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00184-6","article-title":"An enhanced contextual fire detection algorithm for MODIS","volume":"87","author":"Giglio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wooster, M.J., Roberts, G., Perry, G.L.W., and Kaufman, Y.J. (2005). Retrieval of biomass combustion rates and totals from fire radiative power observations: FRP derivation and calibration relationships between biomass consumption and fire radiative energy release. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006318"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-957-2006","article-title":"Global estimation of burned area using MODIS active fire observations","volume":"6","author":"Giglio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.12.008","article-title":"The new VIIRS 375 m active fire detection data product: Algorithm description and initial assessment","volume":"143","author":"Schroeder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11707","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-11707-2010","article-title":"Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997\u20132009)","volume":"10","author":"Randerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.05.013","article-title":"The collection 5 MODIS burned area product\u2014Global evaluation by comparison with the MODIS active fire product","volume":"112","author":"Roy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.10.006","article-title":"An active-fire based burned area mapping algorithm for the MODIS sensor","volume":"113","author":"Giglio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.241","article-title":"Long-term trends and spatial patterns of satellite-retrieved PM 2.5 concentrations in South and Southeast Asia from 1999 to 2014","volume":"615","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5503","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2566665","article-title":"Improving nocturnal fire detection with the VIIRS day-night band","volume":"9","author":"Polivka","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026840","article-title":"Mitigating satellite-based fire sampling limitations in deriving biomass burning emission rates: Application to WRF-Chem model over the Northern Sub-saharan African Region","volume":"123","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.01.011","article-title":"Diurnal and seasonal variations of black carbon and PM2. 5 over New Delhi, India: Influence of meteorology","volume":"125","author":"Tiwari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1504\/IJGEI.2007.015874","article-title":"Potential of crop residue in India as a source of energy","volume":"28","author":"Sarkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Glob. Energy Issues"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"IPCC (2018, June 10). Revised 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Program (NGGIP). Available online: www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp\/public\/gl\/invs1.html."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.054","article-title":"The collection 6 MODIS active fire detection algorithm and fire products","volume":"178","author":"Giglio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeborn, P.H., Wooster, M.J., Hao, W.M., Ryan, C.A., Nordgren, B.L., Baker, S.P., and Ichoku, C. (2008). Relationships between energy release, fuel mass loss, and trace gas and aerosol emissions during laboratory biomass fires. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008679"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13217","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-13217-2015","article-title":"Meteosat SEVIRI Fire Radiative Power (FRP) products from the Land Surface Analysis Satellite Applications Facility (LSA SAF): Part 1-algorithms, product contents & analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wooster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.11.009","article-title":"Vegetation fires in the himalayan region\u2013Aerosol load, black carbon emissions and smoke plume heights","volume":"47","author":"Vadrevu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.09.013","article-title":"Estimating trace gas and aerosol emissions over South America: Relationship between fire radiative energy released and aerosol optical depth observations","volume":"43","author":"Pereira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vermote, E., Ellicott, E., Dubovik, O., Lapyonok, T., Chin, M., Giglio, L., and Roberts, G.J. (2009). An approach to estimate global biomass burning emissions of organic and black carbon from MODIS fire radiative power. J. Geophys. Res., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011188"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6643","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-6643-2014","article-title":"Global top-down smoke-aerosol emissions estimation using satellite fire radiative power measurements","volume":"14","author":"Ichoku","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrg.20042","article-title":"Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4)","volume":"118","author":"Giglio","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-4039-2011","article-title":"Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models","volume":"11","author":"Akagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasko, K., Vadrevu, K.P., Tran, V.T., Ellicott, E., Nguyen, T.T.N., Bui, H.Q., and Justice, C. (2017). Satellites may underestimate rice residue and associated burning emissions in Vietnam. Environ. Res. Lett., 12.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa751d"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1039\/c1em10019j","article-title":"Study of size and mass distribution of particulate matter due to crop residue burning with seasonal variation in rural area of Punjab, India","volume":"13","author":"Awasthi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.09.068","article-title":"Ambient air quality during wheat and rice crop stubble burning episodes in Patiala","volume":"43","author":"Mittal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/7\/978\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:09:31Z","timestamp":1760195371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/7\/978"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10070978"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10070978","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]]}}}