{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:01:11Z","timestamp":1760241671961,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]],"date-time":"2018-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA LCLUC grant","award":["proposal NNX09AI25G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["proposal NNX09AI25G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Across savanna landscapes of southern Africa, people are strongly tied to the environment, meaning alterations to the landscape would impact livelihoods and socioecological development. Given the human\u2013environment connection, it is essential to further our understanding of the drivers of savanna vegetation dynamics, and under increasing climate variability, to better understand the vegetation\u2013climate relationship. Monthly time series of Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)- and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived vegetation indices, available from as early as the 1980s, holds promise for the large-scale quantification of complex vegetation\u2013climate dynamics and regional analyses of landscape change as related to global environmental changes. In this work, we employ time series based analyses to examine landscape-level vegetation greening patterns over time and across a significant precipitation gradient. In this study, we show that climate induced reductions in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI; i.e., degradation or biomass decline) have had large spatial and temporal impacts across the Kwando, Okavango, and Zambezi catchments of southern Africa. We conclude that over time there have been alterations in the available soil moisture resulting from increases in temperature in every season. Such changes in the ecosystem dynamics of all three basins has led to system-wide changes in landscape greening patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]],"date-time":"2018-06-25T11:03:25Z","timestamp":1529924605000},"page":"1013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Understanding Long-Term Savanna Vegetation Persistence across Three Drainage Basins in Southern Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9103-6065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin L.","family":"Bunting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences; Michigan State University, 673 Auditorium Rd., East Lansing, MI 48825, USA"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Southworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2338-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4308-6321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadie J.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Waylen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173411","article-title":"What Limits Trees in C4 Grasslands and Savannas?","volume":"39","author":"Bond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. 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