{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T12:15:14Z","timestamp":1762604114653,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]],"date-time":"2018-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)","award":["16K14298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K14298"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many cities are prone to land subsidence, particularly due to the overuse of ground water. However, because man-made structures are normally built upon foundations that are stiffer than the surrounding ground, such structures react to land subsidence to a lesser extent. This settlement mismatch between ground and buildings, also known as differential settlement (DS), may cause serious problems in urban management, such as foundation overloading due to down-drag forces and damage to underground pipelines. Here, we present a technique for determining DS from multi-temporal satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Permanent scatterers originating from ground and man-made structures are extracted using the differential interferometric SAR (DInSAR) technique, whereupon the DS is obtained by subtracting the settlement of the former from that of the latter. For validation purposes, we demonstrate that the estimated DS in Bangkok is consistent with field observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]],"date-time":"2018-07-03T11:12:58Z","timestamp":1530616378000},"page":"1048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Detection of Differential Settlement of Man-Made Structures Coupled with Urban Development by Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2648-1298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junichi","family":"Susaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C1-1-206, Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan"}]},{"given":"Naoyuki","family":"Maruo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation, Akasaka Intercity AIR, Akasaka 1-8-1, Minatoku, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1450-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Tsujino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Japan Railway Company, Shibata 2-4-24, Kitaku, Osaka 530-8341, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4627-0036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tirawat","family":"Boonyatee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084010","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/8\/084010","article-title":"Groundwater extraction, land subsidence, and sea-level rise in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam","volume":"9","author":"Erban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. 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