{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T17:34:12Z","timestamp":1768412052340,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]],"date-time":"2018-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1710123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1710123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6161001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6161001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring sample areas is the basis of ecological management. Songshan National Nature Reserve is one of the most important components of the ecosystem of the central metropolitan area of Beijing, and has fallen behind in its monitoring technology and methods. So, updating the existing equipment and technology is necessary. The current system suffers from high equipment costs and is not convenient to carry, so the work efficiency is low. Furthermore, the data cannot be visualized in three dimensions (3D), and complex terrain conditions cannot be measured. Therefore, this study researched and developed a continuous terrestrial photogrammetric measurement system that is theoretically based on the principles of photogrammetry, image processing technology, and dendrometry. The system applies a self-developed personal digital assistant (PDA) photogrammetry-based dendrometer and software to continuously evaluate stand sampling areas. Through experimental verification, the relative root mean square error (RMSE) of the trunk diameter measurements was found to be 5.59%, and the relative RMSE of hypsometrical measurements was 3.93%, which are both higher than the accuracy required for traditional forestry surveys. Furthermore, the advantages of this system include its low cost, lightweight equipment, easy operation, high measurement efficiency, 3D visualization, and applicability under complex terrain conditions. Since it is highly accurate and efficient, the continuous terrestrial photogrammetric system can be easily applied to monitor stand sampling areas in Songshan National Nature Reserve. In addition, it can be applied to second-class forest surveys in China, thus guaranteeing the monitoring of big data for the ecological environment of China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]],"date-time":"2018-07-06T10:55:44Z","timestamp":1530874544000},"page":"1080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Application of a Continuous Terrestrial Photogrammetric Measurement System for Plot Monitoring in the Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2243-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zixuan","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongke","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8443-3580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junzhiwei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yicheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaolong","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Unicom Software Research Institute, Beijing 100176, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Harmonizing national forest inventories","volume":"58","author":"McRoberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"91","article-title":"Efficiency of ultrasonic vertex iii hypsometer compared to the most commonly used hypsometers in croatian forestry","volume":"26","author":"Teslak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Croat. J. For. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Avery, T.E., and Burkhart, H.E. (2015). Forest Measurements, Waveland Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-005-0061-y","article-title":"The effect of competition on individual tree basal area growth in mature stands of pinus cooperi blanco in Durango (Mexico)","volume":"124","author":"Rivas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"141","article-title":"Developing a volume model using south nts-372r total station without tree felling in a populus canadensis moench plantation in Beijing, China","volume":"38","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Croat. J. For. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2012.08.007","article-title":"Use of a no prism total station for field measurements in pinus tabulaeformis carr. Stands in china","volume":"113","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.12.010","article-title":"Estimating the aboveground biomass in an old secondary forest on limestone in the moluccas, indonesia: Comparing locally developed versus existing allometric models","volume":"389","author":"Stas","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-016-0525-5","article-title":"A noncontact positioning measuring system based on distributed wireless networks","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659004","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001416590047","article-title":"A dynamic local path planning method for outdoor robot based on characteristics extraction of laser rangefinder and extended support vector machine","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-015-0025-5","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning for plot-scale forest measurement","volume":"1","author":"Newnham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. For. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"292","article-title":"Error analysis on standing tree volume measurement by using electronic theodolites","volume":"46","author":"Zhong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"299","article-title":"Study on stem form index based on non-destructive precision measurement through electronic theodolite","volume":"46","author":"Xiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2989\/20702620.2015.1108617","article-title":"An improved technique for non-destructive measurement of the stem volume of standing wood","volume":"78","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"South. For. J. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2013.08.015","article-title":"Comparison of conventional measurement and lidar-based measurement for crown structures","volume":"98","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"92","article-title":"Developing and accuracy analysis of portable device for automatically measuring diameter at breast height and tree height","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"90","article-title":"Development and experiment of handheld digitalized and multi-functional forest measurement gun","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"320","article-title":"An establishment of tree crown volume calculation and prediction model using cubic lattice method","volume":"3","author":"Zhongmou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfr-2016-0086","article-title":"Large-scale prediction of aboveground biomass in heterogeneous mountain forests by means of airborne laser scanning","volume":"46","author":"Maltamo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.09.006","article-title":"Large-scale estimation of aboveground biomass in miombo woodlands using airborne laser scanning and national forest inventory data","volume":"186","author":"Ene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.5589\/m06-030","article-title":"A rigorous assessment of tree height measurements obtained using airborne lidar and conventional field methods","volume":"32","author":"Andersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.02.011","article-title":"Semantic segmentation of forest stands of pure species combining airborne lidar data and very high resolution multispectral imagery","volume":"126","author":"Dechesne","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.11.010","article-title":"Hierarchical integration of individual tree and area-based approaches for savanna biomass uncertainty estimation from airborne lidar","volume":"205","author":"Goldbergs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.01.011","article-title":"Adaptive registration algorithm of color images based on surf","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2014.06.022","article-title":"Mdghm-surf: A robust local image descriptor based on modified discrete gaussian\u2013hermite moment","volume":"48","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-014-2129-5","article-title":"Efficient image retrieval using advanced surf and dcd on mobile platform","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Robust global motion estimation for video security based on improved k-means clustering","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2009.09.010","article-title":"Sift, surf & seasons: Appearance-based long-term localization in outdoor environments","volume":"58","author":"Valgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5117","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2417316","article-title":"Forest data collection using terrestrial image-based point clouds from a handheld camera compared to terrestrial and personal laser scanning","volume":"53","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2013.10.005","article-title":"Assessment of tree structure using a 3d image analysis technique\u2014A proof of concept","volume":"13","author":"Morgenroth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1265690","article-title":"Measurement and calculation of crown projection area and crown volume of individual trees based on 3d laser-scanned point-cloud data","volume":"38","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"160","article-title":"Error analysis of measuring diameter at breast height and tree height and volume of standing tree by total station","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2297418","article-title":"The use of a mobile laser scanning system for mapping large forest plots","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/7\/1080\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:11:36Z","timestamp":1760195496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/7\/1080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10071080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10071080","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]]}}}