{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T15:52:42Z","timestamp":1781193162292,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]],"date-time":"2018-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-17-00224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-17-00224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microwave radar is a well-established tool for all-weather monitoring of film slicks which appear in radar imagery of the surface of water bodies as areas of reduced backscatter due to suppression of short wind waves. Information about slicks obtained with single-band\/one-polarized radar seems to be insufficient for film characterization; hence, new capabilities of multi-polarization radars for monitoring of film slicks have been actively discussed in the literature. In this paper the results of new experiments on remote sensing of film slicks using dual co-polarized radars\u2014a satellite TerraSAR-X and a ship-based X-\/C-\/S-band radar\u2014are presented. Radar backscattering is assumed to contain Bragg and non-Bragg components (BC and NBC, respectively). BC is due to backscattering from resonant cm-scale wind waves, while NBC is supposed to be associated with wave breaking. Each of the components can be eliminated from the total radar backscatter measured at two co-polarizations, and contrasts of Bragg and non-Bragg components in slicks can be analyzed separately. New data on a damping ratio (contrast) characterizing reduction of radar returns in slicks are obtained for the two components of radar backscatter in various radar bands. The contrast values for Bragg and non-Bragg components are comparable to each other and demonstrate similar dependence on radar wave number; BC and NBC contrasts grow monotonically for the cases of upwind and downwind observations and weakly decrease with wave number for the cross-wind direction. Reduction of BC in slicks can be explained by enhanced viscous damping of cm-scale Bragg waves due to an elastic film. Physical mechanisms of NBC reduction in slicks are discussed. It is hypothesized that strong breaking (e.g., white-capping) weakly contributes to the NBC contrast because of \u201ccleaning\u201d of the water surface due to turbulent surfactant mixing associated with wave crest overturning. An effective mechanism of NBC reduction due to film can be associated with modification of micro-breaking wave features, such as parasitic ripples, bulge, and toe, in slicks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]],"date-time":"2018-07-10T10:01:46Z","timestamp":1531216906000},"page":"1097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Remote Sensing of Organic Films on the Water Surface Using Dual Co-Polarized Ship-Based X-\/C-\/S-Band Radar and TerraSAR-X"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Stanislav A.","family":"Ermakov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Sergievskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5453-3916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.B.","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoscience, Environment &amp; Spatial Planning, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6845-3119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan A.","family":"Kapustin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Shomina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander V.","family":"Kupaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8550-2418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Molkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6251","DOI":"10.1029\/JC094iC05p06251","article-title":"The damping of ocean waves by surface films: A new look at an old problem","volume":"94","author":"Alpers","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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