{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T15:57:41Z","timestamp":1769183861729,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]],"date-time":"2018-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41571332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41571332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yunnan pine shoot beetles (PSB), Tomicus yunnanensis and Tomicus minor have spread through southwestern China in the last five years, leading to millions of hectares of forest being damaged. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop an effective approach for accurate early warning and damage assessment of PSB outbreaks. Remote sensing is one of the most efficient methods for this purpose. Despite many studies existing on the mountain pine beetle (MPB), very little work has been undertaken on assessing PSB stress using remote sensing. The objective of this paper was to develop a spectral linear mixing model aided by radiative transfer (RT) and a new Yellow Index (YI) to simulate the reflectance of heterogeneous canopies containing damaged needles and quantitatively inverse their PSB stress. The YI, the fraction of dead needles, is a physically-explicit stress indicator that represents the plot shoots damage ratio (plot SDR). The major steps of this methods include: (1) LIBERTY2 was developed to simulate the reflectance of damaged needles using YI to linearly mix the green needle spectra with the dead needle spectra; (2) LIBERTY2 was coupled with the INFORM model to scale the needle spectra to the canopy scale; and (3) a look-up table (LUT) was created against Sentinel 2 (S2) imagery and inversed leaf chlorophyll content (LCC), green leaf area index (LAI) and plot SDR. The results show that (1) LIBERTY2 effectively simulated the reflectance spectral values on infested needles (mean relative error (MRE) = 1.4\u201318%), and the YI can indicate the degrees of needles damage; (2) the coupled LIBERTY2-INFORM model is suitable to estimate LAI (R2 = 0.73, RMSE = 0.17 m m\u22122, NRMSE = 11.41% and the index of agreement (IOA) = 0.92) and LCC (R2 = 0.49, RMSE = 56.24 mg m\u22122, NRMSE = 25.22% and IOA = 0.72), and is better than the original LIBERTY model (LAI: R2 = 0.38, RMSE = 0.43 m m\u22122, NRMSE = 28.85% and IOA = 0.68; LCC: R2 = 0.34, RMSE = 76.44 mg m\u22122, NRMSE = 34.23% and IOA = 0.57); and (3) the inversed YI is positively correlated with the measured plot SDR (R2 = 0.40, RMSE = 0.15). We conclude that the LIBERTY2 model improved the reflectance simulation accuracy of both the needles and canopies, making it suitable for assessing PSB stress. The YI has the potential to assess PSB damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T03:50:43Z","timestamp":1531972243000},"page":"1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Detection of Shoot Beetle Stress on Yunnan Pine Forest Using a Coupled LIBERTY2-INFORM Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Qinan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9355-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaguo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Linfeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Beijing for Control to Forest Pest, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Jingxu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01105003","article-title":"The carbon cycle and global forest ecosystem","volume":"70","author":"Sedjo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0961-9534(95)00113-1","article-title":"The role of forest and bioenergy strategies in the global carbon cycle","volume":"11","author":"Schlamadinger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2307\/1940551","article-title":"Modifying Lodgepole Pine Stands to Change Susceptibility to Mountain Pine Beetle Attack","volume":"66","author":"Waring","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa9932","article-title":"Increasing human dominance of tropical forests","volume":"349","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1303","article-title":"Detecting forest canopy change due to insect activity using Landsat MSS","volume":"49","author":"Nelson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2307\/1310339","article-title":"Remote Detection of Forest Damage","volume":"36","author":"Rock","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.06.011","article-title":"Forecasting tree mortality using change metrics derived from MODIS satellite data","volume":"258","author":"Jan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.05.009","article-title":"Estimation of forest structural parameters using 5 and 10 meter SPOT-5 satellite data","volume":"113","author":"Wolter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.11.005","article-title":"Landsat TM\/ETM+ and tree-ring based assessment of spatiotemporal patterns of the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata) in northernmost Fennoscandia","volume":"114","author":"Babst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.03.038","article-title":"Multi-temporal analysis reveals that predictors of mountain pine beetle infestation change during outbreak cycles","volume":"302","author":"Walter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.09.014","article-title":"Assessing the potential of hyperspectral imagery to map bark beetle-induced tree mortality","volume":"140","author":"Fassnacht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.03.005","article-title":"Remote monitoring of defoliation by the beech leaf-mining weevil Rhynchaenus fagi in northern Spain","volume":"347","author":"Olthoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.11.001","article-title":"Quantifying insect-related forest mortality with the remote sensing of snow","volume":"188","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.09.019","article-title":"Characterizing spectral\u2013temporal patterns of defoliator and bark beetle disturbances using Landsat time series","volume":"170","author":"Senf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.09.009","article-title":"A Landsat time series approach to characterize bark beetle and defoliator impacts on tree mortality and surface fuels in conifer forests","volume":"115","author":"Meigs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.2015.1065707","article-title":"Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Mountain Pine Beetle with an Emphasis on Previsual Assessment","volume":"41","author":"Niemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.09.021","article-title":"Surveying mountain pine beetle damage of forests: A review of remote sensing opportunities","volume":"221","author":"Wulder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40663-014-0024-1","article-title":"Does overshoot in leaf development of ponderosa pine in wet years leads to bark beetle outbreaks on fine-textured soils in drier years?","volume":"1","author":"Peterman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forest Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Chen, G., and Meentemeyer, R.K. (2016). Remote Sensing of Forest Damage by Diseases and Insects. Remote Sensing for Sustainability, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.03.012","article-title":"Assessment of QuickBird high spatial resolution imagery to detect red attack damage due to mountain pine beetle infestation","volume":"103","author":"Coops","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.08.003","article-title":"A new invasive insect in Sweden\u2014Physokermes inopinatus: Tracing forest damage with satellite based remote sensing","volume":"285","author":"Olsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.05.005","article-title":"Estimation of insect infestation dynamics using a temporal sequence of Landsat data","volume":"112","author":"Goodwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2010.03.008","article-title":"Assessing changes in forest fragmentation following infestation using time series Landsat imagery","volume":"259","author":"Nicholasc","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.02.015","article-title":"Large area monitoring with a MODIS-based Disturbance Index (DI) sensitive to annual and seasonal variations","volume":"113","author":"Coops","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00112-3","article-title":"Sensitivity of the thematic mapper enhanced wetness difference index to detect mountain pine beetle red-attack damage","volume":"86","author":"Skakun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.3390\/s8053205","article-title":"Signature Optical Cues: Emerging Technologies for Monitoring Plant Health","volume":"8","author":"Wah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168808954952","article-title":"The effects of bark beetle stress on the foliar spectral reflectance of lodgepole pine","volume":"9","author":"AHERN","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.05.023","article-title":"Quantifying the influences of spectral resolution on uncertainty in leaf trait estimates through a Bayesian approach to RTM inversion","volume":"183","author":"Shiklomanov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, S. (2004). Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces, Wiley-Interscience.","DOI":"10.1002\/047172372X"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Li, X.W., and Wang, J.D. (1995). Optical Remote Sensing Model and Parameterization for Vegetation, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(84)90057-9","article-title":"Light scattering by leaf layers with application to canopy reflectance modeling: The SAIL model","volume":"16","author":"Verhoef","year":"1984","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1109\/36.763304","article-title":"Investigation of directional reflectance in boreal forests with an improved four-scale model and airborne POLDER data","volume":"37","author":"Leblanc","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/02757250009532391","article-title":"Recent advances in geometrical optical modelling and its applications","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1986.289706","article-title":"Geometric-Optical Bidirectional Reflectance Modeling of a Conifer Forest Canopy","volume":"GE-24","author":"Li","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Buchroithner, M. (2000). Development of an invertible forest reflectance model: The INFOR-model. A Decade of Trans-European Remote Sensing Cooperation, Proceedings of the 20th EARSeL Symposium, Dresden, Germany, 14\u201316 June 2000, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.10.006","article-title":"Inversion of a forest reflectance model to estimate structural canopy variables from hyperspectral remote sensing data","volume":"99","author":"Schlerf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1995.8746028","article-title":"A hybrid geometric optical-radiative transfer approach for modeling albedo and directional reflectance of discontinuous canopies","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00253-7","article-title":"Modeling radiative transfer in heterogeneous 3-D vegetation canopies","volume":"58","author":"Demarez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90028-5","article-title":"The radiosity method in optical remote sensing of structured 3-D surfaces","volume":"36","author":"Borel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90032-2","article-title":"A computer graphics based model for scattering from objects of arbitrary shapes in the optical region","volume":"36","author":"Goel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00129-2","article-title":"3-D Scene Modeling of Semidesert Vegetation Cover and its Radiation Regime","volume":"74","author":"Qin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"165","article-title":"A review on reflective remote sensing and data assimilation techniques for enhanced agroecosystem modeling","volume":"9","author":"Dorigo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.12.003","article-title":"Inversion of a radiative transfer model for estimating vegetation LAI and chlorophyll in a heterogeneous grassland","volume":"112","author":"Darvishzadeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00007-8","article-title":"LIBERTY\u2014Modeling the effects of leaf biochemical concentration on reflectance spectra","volume":"65","author":"Dawson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90100-Z","article-title":"PROSPECT: A model of leaf optical properties spectra","volume":"34","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90065-R","article-title":"A new forest light interaction model in support of forest monitoring","volume":"42","author":"Rosema","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2184268","article-title":"Vegetation Structure Retrieval in Beech and Spruce Forests Using Spectrodirectional Satellite Data","volume":"5","author":"Schlerf","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/21.12-13.789","article-title":"A theoretical analysis of the influence of heterogeneity in chlorophyll distribution on leaf reflectance","volume":"21","author":"Barton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.12.001","article-title":"Modelling PRI for water stress detection using radiative transfer models","volume":"113","author":"Berni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903193497","article-title":"Chlorophyll concentration mapping with MIVIS data to assess crown discoloration in the Ticino Park oak forest","volume":"31","author":"Panigada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"24","article-title":"Assessment of leaf carotenoids content with a new carotenoid index: Development and validation on experimental and model data","volume":"57","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2307\/1310339","article-title":"Remote Detection of Forest Damage: Plant responses to stress may have spectral \u201csignatures\u201d that could be used to map, monitor, and measure forest damage","volume":"36","author":"Rock","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-017-6536-6","article-title":"Field spectroscopy and radiative transfer modelling to assess impacts of petroleum pollution on biophysical and biochemical parameters of the Amazon rainforest","volume":"76","author":"Arellano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/f9010039","article-title":"Detecting Shoot Beetle Damage on Yunnan Pine Using Landsat Time-Series Data","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5073280","article-title":"Multiple Cost Functions and Regularization Options for Improved Retrieval of Leaf Chlorophyll Content and LAI through Inversion of the PROSAIL Model","volume":"5","author":"Rivera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2238242","article-title":"Optimizing LUT-Based RTM Inversion for Semiautomatic Mapping of Crop Biophysical Parameters from Sentinel-2 and -3 Data: Role of Cost Functions","volume":"52","author":"Verrelst","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00023-1","article-title":"The Chlorophyll Fluorescence Ratio F735\/F700 as an Accurate Measure of the Chlorophyll Content in Plants","volume":"69","author":"Gitelson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)51320-X","article-title":"Absorption of light by chlorophyll solutions","volume":"140","author":"Mackinney","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.07.014","article-title":"Neural network estimation of LAI, fAPAR, fCover and LAI\u00d7Cab, from top of canopy MERIS reflectance data: Principles and validation","volume":"105","author":"Bacour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gitelson, A.A., Vi\u00f1a, A., Verma, S.B., Rundquist, D.C., Arkebauer, T.J., Keydan, G., Leavitt, B., Ciganda, V., Burba, G.G., and Suyker, A.E. (2006). Relationship between gross primary production and chlorophyll content in crops: Implications for the synoptic monitoring of vegetation productivity. J. Geophys. Res., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006017"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.026","article-title":"Sentinel-2: Esa\u2019s optical high-resolution mission for gmes operational services","volume":"120","author":"Drusch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martimor, P., Arino, O., Berger, M., Biasutti, R., Carnicero, B., Bello, U.D., Fernandez, V., Gascon, F., Silvestrin, P., and Spoto, F. (2007, January 23\u201327). Sentinel-2 Optical High Resolution Mission for GMES Operational Services. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2007 Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4423394"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.01.013","article-title":"Estimating chlorophyll concentration in conifer needles with hyperspectral data: An assessment at the needle and canopy level","volume":"112","author":"Moorthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.744859","article-title":"Retrieval of chlorophyll for assimilating branches of a typical desert plant through inversed radiative transfer models","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.02.012","article-title":"PROSPECT-4 and 5: Advances in the leaf optical properties model separating photosynthetic pigments","volume":"112","author":"Feret","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erl123","article-title":"Hyperspectral remote sensing of plant pigments","volume":"58","author":"Blackburn","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.09.004","article-title":"Towards universal broad leaf chlorophyll indices using PROSPECT simulated database and hyperspectral reflectance measurements","volume":"89","author":"Maire","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00010-X","article-title":"Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages","volume":"81","author":"Sims","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Lin, Q., Huang, H., Chen, L., Yu, L., and Huang, K. (2016). Simulation of needle reflectance spectrum and sensitivity analysis of biochemical parameters of Pinus yunnanensis in different healthy status. Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal., 2538\u20132545."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.05.002","article-title":"Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance","volume":"113","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.03.004","article-title":"PROSPECT-D: Towards modeling leaf optical properties through a complete lifecycle","volume":"193","author":"Gitelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2186118","article-title":"Inversion of a Radiative Transfer Model for Estimation of Rice Canopy Chlorophyll Content Using a Lookup-Table Approach","volume":"5","author":"Darvishzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2091492","article-title":"Evaluation of Sentinel-2 Spectral Sampling for Radiative Transfer Model Based LAI Estimation of Wheat, Sugar Beet, and Maize","volume":"4","author":"Richter","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00045-0","article-title":"Evaluation of Canopy Biophysical Variable Retrieval Performances from the Accumulation of Large Swath Satellite Data","volume":"70","author":"Weiss","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160050145045","article-title":"Characterizing the spectral-temporal response of burned savannah using in situ spectroradiometry and infrared thermometry","volume":"21","author":"Trigg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5031355","article-title":"Statistical Distances and Their Applications to Biophysical Parameter Estimation: Information Measures, M-Estimates, and Minimum Contrast Methods","volume":"5","author":"Leonenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.11.017","article-title":"Use of coupled canopy structure dynamic and radiative transfer models to estimate biophysical canopy characteristics","volume":"95","author":"Koetz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1051\/agro:2002008","article-title":"Improving canopy variables estimation from remote sensing data by exploiting ancillary information. Case study on sugar beet canopies","volume":"22","author":"Combal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agronomie"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/02723646.1981.10642213","article-title":"On the validation of models","volume":"2","author":"Willmott","year":"1981","journal-title":"Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.07.043","article-title":"Forecasting potential bark beetle outbreaks based on spruce forest vitality using hyperspectral remote-sensing techniques at different scales","volume":"308","author":"Lausch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2071416","article-title":"Inversion of a Radiative Transfer Model for Estimating Forest LAI From Multisource and Multiangular Optical Remote Sensing Data","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.09.002","article-title":"Assessing vineyard condition with hyperspectral indices: Leaf and canopy reflectance simulation in a row-structured discontinuous canopy","volume":"99","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.01.013","article-title":"RAPID: A Radiosity Applicable to Porous IndiviDual Objects for directional reflectance over complex vegetated scenes","volume":"132","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.06.005","article-title":"Calibration and validation of hyperspectral indices for the estimation of broadleaved forest leaf chlorophyll content, leaf mass per area, leaf area index and leaf canopy biomass","volume":"112","author":"Maire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.05.020","article-title":"Sensitivity of spectral reflectance to variation in live fuel moisture content at leaf and canopy level","volume":"92","author":"Bowyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.12.011","article-title":"Ash decline assessment in emerald ash borer-infested regions: A test of tree-level, hyperspectral technologies","volume":"112","author":"Pontius","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/7\/1133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:12:48Z","timestamp":1760195568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/7\/1133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10071133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10071133","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]]}}}