{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:41:29Z","timestamp":1784306489914,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA Earth Observing SystemMODIS project","award":["NNX08AG87A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX08AG87A"]}]},{"name":"LSA SAF","award":["CDOP3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDOP3"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC-2014-CoG 647423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-2014-CoG 647423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a processing chain for the derivation of global Leaf Area Index (LAI), Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR), Fraction Vegetation Cover (FVC), and Canopy water content (CWC) maps from 15-years of MODIS data exploiting the capabilities of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. The retrieval chain is based on a hybrid method inverting the PROSAIL radiative transfer model (RTM) with Random forests (RF) regression. A major feature of this work is the implementation of a retrieval chain exploiting the GEE capabilities using global and climate data records (CDR) of both MODIS surface reflectance and LAI\/FAPAR datasets allowing the global estimation of biophysical variables at unprecedented timeliness. We combine a massive global compilation of leaf trait measurements (TRY), which is the baseline for more realistic leaf parametrization for the considered RTM, with large amounts of remote sensing data ingested by GEE. Moreover, the proposed retrieval chain includes the estimation of both FVC and CWC, which are not operationally produced for the MODIS sensor. The derived global estimates are validated over the BELMANIP2.1 sites network by means of an inter-comparison with the MODIS LAI\/FAPAR product available in GEE. Overall, the retrieval chain exhibits great consistency with the reference MODIS product (R2 = 0.87, RMSE = 0.54 m2\/m2 and ME = 0.03 m2\/m2 in the case of LAI, and R2 = 0.92, RMSE = 0.09 and ME = 0.05 in the case of FAPAR). The analysis of the results by land cover type shows the lowest correlations between our retrievals and the MODIS reference estimates (R2 = 0.42 and R2 = 0.41 for LAI and FAPAR, respectively) for evergreen broadleaf forests. These discrepancies could be attributed mainly to different product definitions according to the literature. The provided results proof that GEE is a suitable high performance processing tool for global biophysical variable retrieval for a wide range of applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T11:51:38Z","timestamp":1532433098000},"page":"1167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Global Estimation of Biophysical Variables from Google Earth Engine Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5929-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Campos-Taberner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Physics, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2990-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Moreno-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, College of Forestry &amp; Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"},{"name":"Image Processing Laboratory (IPL), Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n 2, 46980 Paterna, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5888-0061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Garc\u00eda-Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Physics, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1683-2138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustau","family":"Camps-Valls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Processing Laboratory (IPL), Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n 2, 46980 Paterna, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8055-5270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel P.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, College of Forestry &amp; Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-8469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Kattge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Kn\u00f6ll Stra<i>\u03b2<\/i>e 10, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6906-3841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven W.","family":"Running","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, College of Forestry &amp; Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i2.15428","article-title":"The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate","volume":"44","author":"Raich","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184984","article-title":"Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate","volume":"329","author":"Beer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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