{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T12:08:09Z","timestamp":1774440489089,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15024016001P1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15024016001P1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico da Vale","award":["15024016001P1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15024016001P1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although mining plays an important role for the economy of the Amazon, little is known about its attributes such as area, type, scale, and current status as well as socio\/environmental impacts. Therefore, we first propose a low time-consuming and high detection accuracy method for mapping the current mining areas within 13 regions of the Brazilian Amazon using Sentinel-2 images. Then, integrating the maps in a GIS (Geography Information System) environment, mining attributes for each region were further assessed with the aid of the DNPM (National Department for Mineral Production) database. Detection of the mining area was conducted in five main steps. (a) MSI (MultiSpectral Instrument)\/Sentinel-2A (S2A) image selection; (b) definition of land-use classes and training samples; (c) supervised classification; (d) vector editing for quality control; and (e) validation with high-resolution RapidEye images (Kappa = 0.70). Mining areas derived from validated S2A classification totals 1084.7 km2 in the regions analyzed. Small-scale mining comprises up to 64% of total mining area detected comprises mostly gold (617.8 km2), followed by tin mining (73.0 km2). The remaining 36% is comprised by industrial mining such as iron (47.8), copper (55.5) and manganese (8.9 km2) in Caraj\u00e1s, bauxite in Trombetas (78.4) and Rio Capim (48.5 km2). Given recent events of mining impacts, the large extension of mining areas detected raises a concern regarding its socio-environmental impacts for the Amazonian ecosystems and for local communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T11:09:30Z","timestamp":1532516970000},"page":"1178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Mapping Mining Areas in the Brazilian Amazon Using MSI\/Sentinel-2 Imagery (2017)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8061-0076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe de Lucia","family":"Lobo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Bel\u00e9m, PA 66055-090, Brazil"},{"name":"Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas 1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-808X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Walfir M.","family":"Souza-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Bel\u00e9m, PA 66055-090, Brazil"},{"name":"Geosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Rua Augusto Correa 1, Bel\u00e9m, PA 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1223-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evlyn M\u00e1rcia Le\u00e3o de Moraes","family":"Novo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas 1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Felipe Menino","family":"Carlos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Processing Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas 1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Claudio Clemente Faria","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Processing Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas 1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12227-010, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pinheiro, W.F., Ferreira Filho, O.B., and Neves, C.A.R. 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