{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T01:18:13Z","timestamp":1769563093564,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study we assessed METRIC (Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration) model performance to estimate energy balance fluxes and evapotranspiration (ET) in two heterogeneous landscapes in the Brazilian Cerrado, including fluxes and ET in both agricultural and natural vegetation. The estimates were evaluated by comparing them to flux tower data collected over sugarcane (USR site), woody savanna (PDG site) and stricto-sensu savanna (RECOR site) areas. The selection of the study years (2005\u20132007 for USR\/PDG sites and 2011\u20132015 for RECOR site) was based on the availability of meteorological data (to be used as inputs in METRIC) and of flux tower data for energy balance fluxes and ET comparisons. The broadband albedo submodel was adjusted in order to improve Net Radiation estimates. For this adjustment, we applied at-surface solar radiation simulations obtained from the SMARTS2 model under different conditions of land elevation, precipitable water content and solar angles. We also tested the equivalence between the measured crop coefficient (Kc_ec) and the reference evapotranspiration fraction (ETrF or F), seeking to extrapolate from instantaneous to daily values of actual evapotranspiration (ETa). Surface albedo was underestimated by 10% at the USR site (showing a better performance for full crop coverage), by 15% at the PDG site (following the woody savanna dynamics pattern through dry and wet seasons) and was overestimated by 21% at the RECOR site. METRIC was effective in simulating the spatial and temporal variability of energy balance fluxes and ET over agricultural and natural vegetation in the Brazilian Cerrado, with errors within those reported in the literature. Net radiation (Rn) presented consistent results (coefficient of determination (R2) &gt; 0.94) but it was overestimated by 8% and 9% in sugarcane and woody savanna, respectively. METRIC-derived ET estimates showed an agreement with ground data at USR and PDG sites (R2 &gt; 0.88, root mean square error (RMSE) up to 0.87 mm day\u22121), but at the RECOR site, ET was overestimated by 14% (R2 = 0.96, mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.62 mm.day\u22121 and RMSE = 0.75 mm day\u22121). Surface energy balance fluxes and ET were marked by seasonality, with direct dependence on available energy, rainfall distribution, soil moisture and other parameters like albedo and NDVI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T11:32:07Z","timestamp":1532604727000},"page":"1181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Improved Albedo Estimates Implemented in the METRIC Model for Modeling Energy Balance Fluxes and Evapotranspiration over Agricultural and Natural Areas in the Brazilian Cerrado"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0040-0963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Silva Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Elisabete","family":"Caria Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3501-1290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Carrasco-Benavides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Curic\u00f3 3341695, Chile"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Bertani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4645-0117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Augusto Verola Mataveli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4030703","article-title":"A modis-based energy balance to estimate evapotranspiration for clear-sky days in Brazilian Tropical Savannas","volume":"4","author":"Ruhoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sano, E.E., Rosa, R., Brito, J.L.S., and Ferreira, L.G. 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