{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T04:12:05Z","timestamp":1767845525887,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,28]],"date-time":"2018-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites - North Carolina","award":["NA14NES432003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA14NES432003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As part of the activities for the Global Energy and Water Exchanges (GEWEX) water vapor assessment project, the consistency of satellite-observed upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) and total column water vapor (TCWV) is examined. The examination is focused on their respective patterns during major El Ni\u00f1o events. The analysis shows that the two datasets, consisting of one measurement of vertically averaged relative humidity in the upper troposphere and one of absolute water vapor integrated over the atmospheric vertical column with dominant contribution from the lower troposphere, are consistent over the equatorial central\u2013eastern Pacific, both showing increases of water vapor during major El Ni\u00f1o events as expected. However, the magnitude of drying in the TCWV field over the western Pacific is much weaker than that of moistening over the central\u2013eastern Pacific, while the UTH field exhibits equivalent magnitude of drying and moistening. Furthermore, the drying in the UTH field covers larger areas in the tropics. The difference in their patterns results in an opposite phase in the time series during a major El Ni\u00f1o event when a tropical average is taken. Both UTH and TCWV are closely correlated with major climate indices. However, they have significantly different lag correlations with the Ni\u00f1o 3.4 index in both the sign (positive or negative) and lag time over tropical oceans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]],"date-time":"2018-07-30T11:55:08Z","timestamp":1532951708000},"page":"1188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Assessing the Pattern Differences between Satellite-Observed Upper Tropospheric Humidity and Total Column Water Vapor during Major El Ni\u00f1o Events"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, NC 28801, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9331-5754","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"Carl J.","family":"Schreck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, NC 28801, USA"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites-North Carolina (CICS-NC), North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC 28801, USA"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite-Based Climate Monitoring, Deutscher Wetterdienst, 63067 Offenbach, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3799.1","article-title":"An Assessment of Climate Feedbacks in Coupled Ocean\u2013Atmosphere Models","volume":"19","author":"Soden","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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