{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T08:12:41Z","timestamp":1769587961055,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]],"date-time":"2018-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An analysis of fog and low cloud properties and distribution is performed using satellite-based LiDAR. Recent years have seen great progress in the remote sensing of fog and low clouds using passive satellite-based sensors. On this basis, maps of fog distribution and frequency as well as baseline climatologies have been constructed. However, no information on fog altitude and vertical extent is available in this way, and fog\/low cloud below other clouds cannot be detected in most cases. In this study, ten years of observations by the LiDAR aboard the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol LiDAR and Pathfinder Satellite Observations) platform are used to construct a map and statistical evaluations of fog\/low cloud distribution and properties. For the purpose of evaluation, a comparison is made to an evaluation of fog\/low cloud distribution in Europe, derived from Meteosat measurements using the Satellite-Based Operation Fog Observation Scheme (SOFOS). Both maps show good agreement in spatial patterns in this region with very diverse fog formation mechanisms. It is found that fog\/low cloud layers display distinct spatial differences in terms of geometrical thickness and detection accuracy. The number of fog\/low cloud instances missed by passive-sensor retrievals due to multi-layer cloud situations is considerable, with clear regional differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]],"date-time":"2018-08-03T03:03:15Z","timestamp":1533265395000},"page":"1209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Fog and Low Cloud Frequency and Properties from Active-Sensor Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4240-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Cermak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482706002180","article-title":"A feasibility study of daytime fog and low stratus detection with TERRA\/AQUA-MODIS over land","volume":"13","author":"Bendix","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2007.11.009","article-title":"A Novel Approach to Fog\/Low Stratus Detection using Meteosat 8 Data","volume":"87","author":"Cermak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.503","article-title":"European climatology of fog and low stratus based on geostationary satellite observations","volume":"135","author":"Cermak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2941","article-title":"A 10 year fog and low stratus climatology for Europe based on Meteosat Second Generation data","volume":"143","author":"Egli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1228.1","article-title":"Fully Automated Detection of Cloud and Aerosol Layers in the CALIPSO Lidar Measurements","volume":"26","author":"Vaughan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2011.02.012","article-title":"Low clouds and fog along the South-Western African coast\u2014Satellite-based retrieval and spatial patterns","volume":"116","author":"Cermak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephens, G., Winker, D., Pelon, J., Trepte, C., Vane, D., Yuhas, C., L\u2019Ecuyer, T., and Lebsock, M. (2018). CloudSat and CALIPSO within the A-Train: Ten Years of Actively Observing the Earth System. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0324.1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003747505","article-title":"Detecting Ground Fog From Space\u2014A Microphysics-Based Approach","volume":"32","author":"Cermak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0213-8","article-title":"Dynamical Nighttime Fog\/Low Stratus Detection Based on Meteosat SEVIRI Data: A Feasibility Study","volume":"164","author":"Cermak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70404178","article-title":"Where Aerosols Become Clouds\u2014Potential for Global Analysis Based on CALIPSO Data","volume":"7","author":"Fuchs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2012.03.013","article-title":"Effect of CALIPSO cloud-aerosol discrimination (CAD) confidence levels on observations of aerosol properties near clouds","volume":"116","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/8\/1209\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:16:03Z","timestamp":1760195763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/8\/1209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10081209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10081209","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]}}}