{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T04:03:21Z","timestamp":1772424201080,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]],"date-time":"2018-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the relationship between the leaf reflectance of different seasons and the concentration of heavy metal elements in leaves, such as Co, Cu, Mo, and Ni in a post-mining area. The reflectance spectra and leaf samples of three typical plants were measured and collected in a whole growth cycle (June, July, August, and September). The Red Edge Position (REP), Readjustment Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RE-NDVI), and Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) were extracted and used to explore its relation with the heavy metals concentrations in leaves between different seasons. The results show that all three Vegetation Indices (VIs) were insensitive indicators for monitoring the metal effects of vegetation in different seasons, which showed similar trends. Based on this, the Continuum Removal Indices (CRIs) were proposed from the continuum removed approach and extended for detecting the effects of heavy metal pollution over a full growth cycle. The relationship between the metal concentrations and CRIs of different plants was respectively analyzed by Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (SMLR) and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). It is found that a significant correlation exists between the band depth and the concentration of Cu and Ni based on the White birch data sets using the PLSR, resulting in a small deviation from the established relationships. Compared with VIs, the approach of coupling CRIs and multiple regressions was effective for improving the estimation accuracy. The presented study provides a detection model of leaf heavy metals that can be adapted to different growing cycles, even an arbitrary growing cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]],"date-time":"2018-08-03T03:03:15Z","timestamp":1533265395000},"page":"1211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Evaluating Metal Effects on the Reflectance Spectra of Plant Leaves during Different Seasons in Post-Mining Areas, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8985-7013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatories, Key Lab of Lunar Science and Deep-space Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derui","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatories, Key Lab of Lunar Science and Deep-space Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1021\/es015747j","article-title":"Estimate of heavy metal contamination in soils after a mining accident using reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"36","author":"And","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2015.08.003","article-title":"Assessment of physiological state of Betula pendula and Carpinus betulus through leaf reflectance measurements","volume":"216","author":"Dobrota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Flora Morphol. Distrib. Funct. Ecol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1039\/c3em00388d","article-title":"Detection of multiple stresses in Scots pine growing at post-mining sites using visible to near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"15","author":"Zuzana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.04.011","article-title":"Model evaluation of plant metal content and biomass yield for the phytoextraction of heavy metals by switchgrass","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2009.12.019","article-title":"Geochemical and geo-statistical assessment of heavy metal concentration in the sediments of different coastal ecosystems of Andaman Islands, India","volume":"87","author":"Nobi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Cornelius, M., Phang, C., and Anand, R.R. (2007, January 24\u201328). Use of vegetation and soil in mineral exploration in areas of transported overburden, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: A contribution towards understanding metal transportation processes. Proceedings of the Mexican International Conference on Computer Science, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/47.2.259","article-title":"Environmental relevance of heavy metal-substituted chlorophylls using the example of water plants","volume":"47","author":"Spiller","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500075832","article-title":"Spectral reflectance and leaf internal structure changes of barley plants due to phytoextraction of zinc and cadmium","volume":"28","author":"Sridhar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thenkabail, A., Lyon, P.S., and Huete, J.G. (2011). Analysis of the effects of heavy metals on vegetation hyperspectral reflectance properties. Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b11222-41"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-1368(99)00007-4","article-title":"Remote sensing for mineral exploration","volume":"14","author":"Sabins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Collins, W., Chang, S., and Kuo, J.T. (1981). Detection of Hidden Mineral Deposits by Airborne Spectral Analysis of Forest Canopies, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA Contract NSG-5222, Final Report."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90068-0","article-title":"Arsenic- and selenium-induced changes in spectral reflectance and morphology of soybean plants","volume":"30","author":"Milton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168308948546","article-title":"The red edge of plant leaf reflectance","volume":"4","author":"Horler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.873145","article-title":"Hyperspectral reflectance features of water hyacinth growing under feeding stresses of Neochetina spp. And different heavy metal pollutants","volume":"35","author":"Newete","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.5721\/EuJRS20154816","article-title":"Spectral changes in the leaves of barley plant due to phytoremediation of metals\u2014Results from a pot study","volume":"48","author":"Rathod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.10.023","article-title":"Effects of mercury on visible\/near-infrared reflectance spectra of mustard spinach plants (Brassica rapa P.)","volume":"148","author":"Dunagan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1040644","article-title":"Spectroscopic analysis of arsenic uptake in Pteris ferns","volume":"1","author":"Slonecker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"10","article-title":"Feasibility of estimating heavy metal contaminations in floodplain soils using laboratory-based hyperspectral data\u2014A case study along Le\u2019an River, China","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(03)00266-5","article-title":"Exploring field vegetation reflectance as an indicator of soil contamination in river floodplains","volume":"127","author":"Kooistra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.06.046","article-title":"Monitoring plant response to phenanthrene using the red edge of canopy hyperspectral reflectance","volume":"86","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"41","article-title":"A hyperspectral index sensitive to subtle changes in the canopy chlorophyll content under arsenic stress","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.01.022","article-title":"Estimation of arsenic in agricultural soils using hyperspectral vegetation indices of rice","volume":"308","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"12","article-title":"Estimating regional heavy metal concentrations in rice by scaling up a field-scale heavy metal assessment model","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.05.024","article-title":"Zinc and cadmium accumulation and tolerance in populations of Sedum alfredii","volume":"147","author":"Deng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.01.016","article-title":"Accumulation of Pb, Cu, and Zn in native plants growing on a contaminated Florida site","volume":"368","author":"Yoon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.02.001","article-title":"Red edge shift and biochemical content in grass canopies","volume":"62","author":"Mutanga","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"676","article-title":"Remote sensing of soybean stress as an indicator of chemical concentration of biosolid amended surface soils","volume":"13","author":"Sridhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90059-S","article-title":"A narrow-waveband spectral index that tracks diurnal changes in photosynthetic efficiency","volume":"41","author":"Gamon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"246","article-title":"Monitoring stress levels on rice with heavy metal pollution from hyperspectral reflectance data using wavelet-fractal analysis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.812910","article-title":"Estimation of forest leaf area index using vegetation indices derived from Hyperion hyperspectral data","volume":"41","author":"Gong","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.04.010","article-title":"Hyperspectral versus multispectral data for estimating leaf area index in four different biomes","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.11.001","article-title":"Predicting in situ pasture quality in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, using continuum-removed absorption features","volume":"89","author":"Mutanga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"61","article-title":"Indicator kriging applied to absorption band analysis in hyperspectral imagery: A case study from the Rodalquilar epithermal gold mining area, SE Spain","volume":"8","author":"Meer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00163-2","article-title":"Investigating a physical basis for spectroscopic estimates of leaf nitrogen concentration","volume":"75","author":"Kokaly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.07.009","article-title":"Continuum removed band depth analysis for detecting the effects of natural gas, methane and ethane on maize reflectance","volume":"105","author":"Noomen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.06.008","article-title":"Estimating foliage nitrogen concentration from HYMAP data using continuum removal analysis","volume":"93","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2008.01.001","article-title":"LAI and chlorophyll estimation for a heterogeneous grassland using hyperspectral measurements","volume":"63","author":"Darvishzadeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2006.01.001","article-title":"Assessment of rice leaf growth and nitrogen status by hyperspectral canopy reflectance and partial least square regression","volume":"24","author":"Nguyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500181044","article-title":"Nitrogen detection with hyperspectral normalized ratio indices across multiple plant species","volume":"26","author":"Ferwerda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00131-7","article-title":"Reflectance measurement of canopy biomass and nitrogen status in wheat crops using normalized difference vegetation indices and partial least squares regression","volume":"86","author":"Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"414","article-title":"Estimation of green grass\/herb biomass from airborne hyperspectral imagery using spectral indices and partial least squares regression","volume":"9","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.11.010","article-title":"Comparing regression methods in estimation of biophysical properties of forest stands from two different inventories using laser scanner data","volume":"94","author":"Gobakken","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1310","article-title":"Vegetation stress spectra and their relations with the contents of metal elements within the plant leaves in metal mines in Heilongjiang","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698214910","article-title":"Technical note. A new technique for interpolating the reflectance red edge position","volume":"19","author":"Dawson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169008955129","article-title":"Visible and near infrared reflectance characteristics of dry plant materials","volume":"11","author":"Elvidge","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-3004(88)90065-9","article-title":"Numerical procedures and computer program for fitting an inverted Gaussian model to vegetation reflectance data","volume":"14","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"279","article-title":"Utilisation de la haute resolution spectrale pour suivre l\u2019etat des couverts vegetaux","volume":"287","author":"Guyot","year":"1988","journal-title":"Spectr. Signat. Objects Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.12.011","article-title":"A new technique for extracting the red edge position from hyperspectral data: The linear extrapolation method","volume":"101","author":"Cho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001654473","article-title":"Study of heavy metal contamination in river floodplains using the red-edge position in spectroscopic data","volume":"25","author":"Clevers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"132","article-title":"Spectrometric analyses in comparison to the physiological condition of heavy metal stressed floodplain vegetation in a standardised experiment","volume":"2","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(11)81633-0","article-title":"Spectral reflectance changes associated with autumn senescence of Aesculus hippocastanum L. And Acer platanoides L. Leaves. Spectral features and relation to chlorophyll estimation","volume":"143","author":"Gitelson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00010-X","article-title":"Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages","volume":"81","author":"Sims","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(99)00033-7","article-title":"The use of imaging spectrometry for agricultural applications","volume":"54","author":"Clevers","year":"1999","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90069-2","article-title":"Remote sensing of foliar chemistry","volume":"30","author":"Curran","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00084-4","article-title":"Spectroscopic determination of leaf biochemistry using band-depth analysis of absorption features and stepwise multiple linear regression","volume":"67","author":"Kokaly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.05.041","article-title":"Detecting the effects of hydrocarbon pollution in the amazon forest using hyperspectral satellite images","volume":"205","author":"Arellano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.2307\/2291607","article-title":"Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences by James D. Evans","volume":"91","author":"Wuensch","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, J., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Liang, X.S., and Jiang, T. (2017). Analyzing the characteristics of soil moisture using gldas data: A case study in eastern china. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7060566"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2018.02.011","article-title":"On the relationship between the early spring indian ocean\u2019s sea surface temperature (SST) and the tibetan plateau atmospheric heat source in summer","volume":"164","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Planet Chang."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"252","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) on spatial distribution of chlorophyll- a concentration in the east china sea","volume":"68","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.12.016","article-title":"Remote sensing of forest biophysical variables using Hymap imaging spectrometer data","volume":"95","author":"Schlerf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1983.10483087","article-title":"A leisurely look at the bootstrap, the jackknife, and cross-validation","volume":"37","author":"Efron","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4061651","article-title":"Estimating canopy nitrogen concentration in sugarcane using field imaging spectroscopy","volume":"4","author":"Miphokasap","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.12.003","article-title":"Hyperspectral sensing of heavy metals in soil and vegetation: Feasibility and challenges","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006132608181","article-title":"In situ detection of heavy metal substituted chlorophylls in water plants","volume":"58","author":"Spiller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-005-0031-0","article-title":"Growth, photosynthetic electron transport, and antioxidant responses of young soybean seedlings to simultaneous exposure of nickel and UV-B stress","volume":"43","author":"Prasad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90136-8","article-title":"Reflectance indices associated with physiological changes in nitrogen- and water-limited sunflower leaves","volume":"48","author":"Gamon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-306-47578-8_5","article-title":"Imaging spectrometry and vegetation science","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Skidmore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Imaging Spectrometry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-008-0030-4","article-title":"Hyper-spectral remote sensing to monitor vegetation stress","volume":"8","author":"Ren","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabatapendias, A., and Pendias, H.K. (2011). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b10158"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/8\/1211\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:16:07Z","timestamp":1760195767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/8\/1211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10081211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10081211","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]}}}