{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T23:25:13Z","timestamp":1769815513147,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For the last few years, the increasing need for humanitarian support has led to increasing demand and responsibilities for the international humanitarian system. This trend raises questions regarding the use of alternative and complementary data sources and potential additional actors and communities that could be involved in support efforts and cover some of the tasks of humanitarian organizations. The article provides an overview of the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement, their practices and activities as well as current needs and challenges. The article illustrates the potential of OpenStreetMap and digital volunteers for humanitarian activities, with a particular focus on disaster risk reduction in the scope of the Missing Maps project. The background and objective of the collaborative project as well as its potential and impact for the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement are elucidated. The conclusion and outlook section presents future plans and visions to make further use of the potential of the Missing Maps approach in additional sectors and contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T11:20:23Z","timestamp":1533640823000},"page":"1239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Volunteered Geographic Information for Disaster Risk Reduction\u2014The Missing Maps Approach and Its Potential within the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Scholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Red Cross, International Cooperation, 12205 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Red Cross, GIS, 44 Moorfields, London EC2Y 9AL, UK"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Eckle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIScience Research Group, Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIScience Research Group, Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4916-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Zipf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIScience Research Group, Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018, June 28). 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Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poiani, T.H., dos Santos Rocha, R., Degrossi, L.C., and de Albuquerque, J.P. (2016, January 5\u20138). Potential of Collaborative Mapping for Disaster Relief: A Case Study of OpenStreetMap in the Nepal Earthquake 2015. Proceedings of the 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS \u201916), Koloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2016.31"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nic Lochlainn, L.M., Gayton, I., Theocharopoulos, G., Edwards, R., Danis, K., Kremer, R., Kleijer, K., Tejan, S.M., Sankoh, M., and Jimissa, A. (2018). Improving mapping for Ebola response through mobilising a local community with self-owned smartphones: Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone, January 2015. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189959"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2018, June 28). Missing Maps. Available online: http:\/\/www.missingmaps.org\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2018, June 28). Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team. Available online: https:\/\/www.hotosm.org\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albuquerque, J., Herfort, B., and Eckle, M. (2016). The Tasks of the Crowd: A Typology of Tasks in Geographic Information Crowdsourcing and a Case Study in Humanitarian Mapping. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100859"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2018, June 28). HOT Tasking Manager. Available online: https:\/\/tasks.hotosm.org\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2018, June 28). OpenStreetMap Wiki. Available online: https:\/\/wiki.openstreetmap.org."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Auer, M., Eckle, M., Fendrich, S., Griesbaum, L., Kowatsch, F., Marx, S., Raifer, M., Schott, M., Troilo, R., and Zipf, A. (2018, January 20\u201323). Towards Using the Potential of OpenStreetMap History for Disaster Activation Monitoring. Proceedings of the 15th ISCRAM Conference, Rochester, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2018, June 28). MapSwipe. Available online: http:\/\/mapswipe.org\/."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Dugar, S., McCallum, I., Thapa, G., See, L., Khadka, P., Budhathoki, N., Brown, S., Mechler, R., and Fritz, S. (2018). Integrated Participatory and Collaborative Risk Mapping for Enhancing Disaster Resilience. IJGI, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7020068"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/8\/1239\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:17:00Z","timestamp":1760195820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/8\/1239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10081239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10081239","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]]}}}