{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:02:50Z","timestamp":1760241770635,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]],"date-time":"2018-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In mountain basins, the use of long-range operational weather radars is often associated with poor quantitative precipitation estimation due to a number of challenges posed by the complexity of terrain. As a result, the applicability of radar-based precipitation estimates for hydrological studies is often limited over areas that are in close proximity to the radar. This study evaluates the advantages of using X-band polarimetric (XPOL) radar as a means to fill the coverage gaps and improve complex terrain precipitation estimation and associated hydrological applications based on a field experiment conducted in an area of Northeast Italian Alps characterized by large elevation differences. The corresponding rainfall estimates from two operational C-band weather radar observations are compared to the XPOL rainfall estimates for a near-range (10\u201335 km) mountainous basin (64 km2). In situ rainfall observations from a dense rain gauge network and two disdrometers (a 2D-video and a Parsivel) are used for ground validation of the radar-rainfall estimates. Ten storm events over a period of two years are used to explore the differences between the locally deployed XPOL vs. longer-range operational radar-rainfall error statistics. Hourly aggregate rainfall estimates by XPOL, corrected for rain-path attenuation and vertical reflectivity profile, exhibited correlations between 0.70 and 0.99 against reference rainfall data and 21% mean relative error for rainfall rates above 0.2 mm h\u22121. The corresponding metrics from the operational radar-network rainfall products gave a strong underestimation (50\u201370%) and lower correlations (0.48\u20130.81). For the two highest flow-peak events, a hydrological model (Kinematic Local Excess Model) was forced with the different radar-rainfall estimations and in situ rain gauge precipitation data at hourly resolution, exhibiting close agreement between the XPOL and gauge-based driven runoff simulations, while the simulations obtained by the operational radar rainfall products resulted in a greatly underestimated runoff response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]],"date-time":"2018-08-10T10:52:01Z","timestamp":1533898321000},"page":"1258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Advancing Precipitation Estimation and Streamflow Simulations in Complex Terrain with X-Band Dual-Polarization Radar Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6828-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Anagnostou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Observatory of Athens, IERSD, 15236 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, DUTH, 67100 Xanthi, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Water Resources, School of Civil Engineering, NTUA, 10682 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Efthymios","family":"Nikolopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8715-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Kalogiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Observatory of Athens, IERSD, 15236 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Anagnostou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0573-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Mair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0397-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Bertoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0195-7459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Tappeiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Borga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1130\/G33217.1","article-title":"Global patterns of loss of life from landslides","volume":"40","author":"Petley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-013-0907-4","article-title":"Debris flows and their toll on human life: A global analysis of debris flow fatalities from 1950 to 2011","volume":"71","author":"Dowling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.05.022","article-title":"Hydrogeomorphic response to extreme rainfall in headwater systems: Flash floods and debris flows","volume":"518","author":"Borga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000464","article-title":"Future changes to the intensity and frequency of short-duration extreme rainfall","volume":"52","author":"Westra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-19-1753-2015","article-title":"Storm type effects on super Clausius-Clapeyron scaling of intense rainstorm properties with air temperature","volume":"19","author":"Molnar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"UNISDR 2009 (2013, January 11). Terminology for Disaster Risk Reduction. Available online: http:\/\/www.unisdr.org\/we\/ inform\/terminology."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"European Commission (2007). Directive 2007\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2012.01.008","article-title":"Operational early warning systems for water-related hazards in Europe","volume":"21","author":"Alfieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9458","article-title":"Probabilistic evaluation of ensemble discharge nowcasts in two nested Alpine basins prone to flash floods","volume":"27","author":"Liechti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.07.019","article-title":"Which Rainfall Spatial Information for Flash Flood Response Modelling? A Numerical Investigation Based on Data from the Carpathian Range, Romania","volume":"394","author":"Zoccatelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.12.020","article-title":"Sensitivity of a mountain basin flash flood to initial wetness condition and rainfall variability","volume":"402","author":"Nikolopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-18-575-2014","article-title":"When does higher spatial resolution rainfall information improve streamflow simulation? An evaluation using 3620 flood events","volume":"18","author":"Lobligeois","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.06.015","article-title":"Impact of uncertainty in rainfall estimation on the identification of rainfall thresholds for debris flow occurrence","volume":"221","author":"Nikolopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.09.039","article-title":"Radar rainfall estimation for the identification of debris-flow occurrence thresholds","volume":"519","author":"Marra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011827","article-title":"A study of the 1999 monsoon rainfall in a mountainous region in central Nepal using TRMM products and rain gauge observations","volume":"27","author":"Barros","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(2002)017<0927:WRCOTC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Weather Radar Coverage over the Contiguous United States","volume":"17","author":"Maddox","year":"2002","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/met.43","article-title":"Assessment of radar data quality in upland catchments","volume":"14","author":"Lewis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-11-0145.1","article-title":"Radar-Based Quantitative Precipitation Estimation for the Cool Season in Complex Terrain: Case Studies from the NOAA Hydrometeorology Testbed","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2003)4<264:CORPOB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Coastal orographic rainfall processes observed by radar during the California landfalling jets experiment","volume":"4","author":"White","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-0150.1","article-title":"Evaluation and Uncertainty Estimation of NOAA\/NSSL Next-Generation National Mosaic Quantitative Precipitation Estimation Product (Q2) over the Continental United States","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM426.1","article-title":"Extraordinary flood response of a small urban watershed to short-duration convective rainfall","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.07.009","article-title":"Experimental results on rainfall estimation in complex terrain with a mobile X-band polarimetric radar","volume":"94","author":"Anagnostou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.06.026","article-title":"Performance evaluation of high-resolution rainfall estimation by X-band dual-polarization radar for flash flood applications in mountainous basin","volume":"394","author":"Anagnostou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JTECHA1419.1","article-title":"Quantitative precipitation estimation in the CASA X-band dual-polarization radar network","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-077.1","article-title":"Correction of Reflectivity in the Presence of Partial Beam Blockage over a Mountainous Region Using X-Band Dual Polarization Radar","volume":"14","author":"Shakti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-12-052.1","article-title":"Measurements of Heavy Convective Rainfall in the Presence of Hail in Flood-Prone Areas Using an X-Band Polarimetric Radar","volume":"52","author":"Matrosov","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.03.009","article-title":"Evaluation of X-band polarimetric radar estimation of rainfall and rain drop size distribution parameters in West Africa","volume":"143","author":"Koffi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-4681-2015","article-title":"Characterization of Mediterranean hail-bearing storms using an operational polarimetric X-band radar","volume":"8","author":"Vulpiani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2017.09.020","article-title":"Autocorrelation structure of convective rainfall in semiarid-arid climate derived from high-resolution X-band radar estimates","volume":"200","author":"Marra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Chandrasekar, V., Wang, Y., Maki, M., and Nakane, K. (2009, January 7\u201310). Flood Monitoring using X-band Dual-polarization Radar Network. Proceedings of the 11th Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2002)041<0941:XBPRMO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"X-band polarimetric radar measurements of rainfall","volume":"41","author":"Matrosov","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2004)005<0110:HREFXP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"High-resolution rainfall estimation from X-band polarimetric radar measurements","volume":"5","author":"Anagnostou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1803.1","article-title":"Correction of Radar Reflectivity and Differential Reflectivity for Rain Attenuation at X Band. Part I: Theoretical and Empirical Basis","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JTECHA1407.1","article-title":"Retrieval of three dimensional raindrop size distribution using X-band polarimetric radar","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-12-0140.1","article-title":"Correction of Polarimetric Radar Reflectivity Measurements and Rainfall Estimates for Apparent Vertical Profile in Stratiform Rain","volume":"52","author":"Kalogiros","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2211606","article-title":"Optimum estimation of rain microphysical parameters using X-band dual-polarization radar observables","volume":"51","author":"Kalogiros","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-057.1","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a new dual-polarization microphysical algorithm based on long-term X-band radar and disdrometer observations","volume":"14","author":"Anagnostou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00123.1","article-title":"Precipitation Classification and Quantification Using X-Band Dual-Polarization Weather Radar: Application in the Hydrometeorology Testbed","volume":"30","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-13-0191.1","article-title":"Estimation of X-Band Polarimetric Radar Attenuation and Measurement Uncertainty Using a Variational Method","volume":"53","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-16-0196.1","article-title":"Initial Results of a New Composite-Weighted Algorithm for Dual-Polarized X-band Rainfall Estimation","volume":"18","author":"Thurai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM424.1","article-title":"The utility of X-band polarimetric radar for quantitative estimates of rainfall parameters","volume":"6","author":"Matrosov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.05.040","article-title":"The Quantitative Precipitation Estimation System for Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) Urban Remote Sensing Network","volume":"531","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W.-Y., Ni, G.-H., Qi, Y.-C., Hong, Y., and Sun, T. (2016). Exploring the potential of utilizing high resolution X-band radar for urban rainfall estimation. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2016-388"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-12-2811-2012","article-title":"The CASA quantitative precipitation estimation system: A five year validation study","volume":"12","author":"Chandrasekar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cifelli, R., Chandrasekar, V., Chen, H., and Johnson, L.E. (2018). High resolution radar quantitative precipitation estimation in the San Francisco Bay Area: Rainfall monitoring for the urban environment. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 96A.","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.2018-016"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-15-0029.1","article-title":"Deployment and Performance Analyses of High-Resolution Iowa XPOL Radar System during the NASA IFloodS Campaign","volume":"17","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-014-0439-9","article-title":"Quantitative precipitation estimation for an X-band dual-polarization radar in the complex mountainous terrain","volume":"18","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.04.014","article-title":"On the effects of small scale space-time variability of rainfall on basin flood response","volume":"514","author":"Paschalis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1088-5","article-title":"A new monitoring station for debris flows in the European Alps: First observations in the Gadria basin","volume":"73","author":"Comiti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3563","article-title":"Bedload hysteresis in a glacier-fed mountain river","volume":"39","author":"Mao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10577","article-title":"Identifying run-off contributions during melt-induced run-off events in a glacierized alpine catchment","volume":"30","author":"Engel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Galos, S., and Kaser, G. (2014). The Mass Balance of Matscherferner 2012\/13, Project Report, University of Innsbruck."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4151","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11314","article-title":"Snow model sensitivity analysis to understand spatial and temporal snow dynamics in a high-elevation catchment","volume":"31","author":"Engel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5271","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-18-5271-2014","article-title":"Tracer-based analysis of spatial and temporal variation of water sources in a glacierized catchment","volume":"18","author":"Penna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.02.018","article-title":"Estimation of soil moisture patterns in mountain grasslands by means of SAR RADARSAT 2 images and hydrological modelling","volume":"516","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2015.1081203","article-title":"A simple method to combine snow height and meteorological observations to estimate winter precipitation at sub-daily resolution","volume":"61","author":"Mair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Schaffhauser, A., Auer, M., and Kann, A. (2010, January 6\u201310). Weather Radar Observations at high altitude is it worth the effort?. Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology (ERAD), Sibiu, Romania."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5194\/adgeo-20-3-2009","article-title":"Dual-polarization C-band weather radar algorithms for rain rate estimation and hydrometeor classification in an alpine region","volume":"20","author":"Paulitsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5194\/adgeo-25-111-2010","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of polarimetric parameters from a new dual-polarization C-band weather radar in an alpine region","volume":"25","author":"Paulitsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.05.190","article-title":"Radar precipitation measurement in a mountainous region","volume":"132","author":"Germann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Sideris, I., Gabella, M., Sassi, M., and Germann, U. (2012, January 6\u20139). Real-time spatiotemporal merging of radar and raingauge precipitation measurements in Switzerland. Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Precipitation in Urban Areas, Urban Challenges in Rainfall Analysis, St. Moritz, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2188","article-title":"Real-time radar-raingauge merging using spatio-temporal co-kriging with external drift in the Alpine terrain of Switzerland","volume":"140","author":"Sideris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Sideris, I., Gabella, M., Sassi, M., and Germann, U. (2014, January 7\u20139). The CombiPrecip experience: Development and operation of a real-time radar-raingauge combination scheme in Switzerland. Proceedings of the 9th Weather Radar and Hydrology (WRaH) International Symposium, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2250979","article-title":"Evaluation of a new Polarimetric Algorithm for Rain-Path Attenuation Correction of X-Band Radar Observations Against Disdrometer Data","volume":"52","author":"Kalogiros","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2000)017<0332:TRPAAT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The rain profiling algorithm applied to polarimetric weather radar","volume":"17","author":"Testud","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1950.1","article-title":"Correction of X-band radar observation for propagation effects based on the self-consistency principle","volume":"23","author":"Gorgucci","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2508.1","article-title":"A polarimetric radar approach to identify rain. Melting-layer and snow regions for applying corrections to vertical profiles of reflectivity","volume":"46","author":"Matrosov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900270","article-title":"On the use of real-time radar rainfall estimates for flood prediction in mountainous basins","volume":"105","author":"Borga","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7183","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900719","article-title":"Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram","volume":"106","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-23-2017","article-title":"Towards a tracer-based conceptualization of meltwater dynamics and streamflow response in a glacierized catchment","volume":"21","author":"Penna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2008.12.007","article-title":"Influence of rainfall and soil properties spatial aggregation on extreme flash flood response modelling: An evaluation based on the Sesia river basin, North Western Italy","volume":"32","author":"Sangati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Water Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3767","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-3767-2011","article-title":"Spatial moments of catchment rainfall: Rainfall spatial organisation, basin morphology, and flood response","volume":"15","author":"Zoccatelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2014.923889","article-title":"Catchment-Scale Storm Velocity: Quantification, Scale Dependence and Effect on Flood Response","volume":"59","author":"Nikolopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"209","article-title":"Moving Toward Subkilometer Modeling Grid Spacings: Impacts on Atmospheric and Hydrological Simulations of Extreme Flash Flood-Inducing Storms","volume":"18","author":"Bartsotas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.01.021","article-title":"Coupled prediction of flash flood response and debris flow occurrence: Application on an alpine extreme flood event","volume":"558","author":"Destro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds, Technical Release."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199701)11:1<13::AID-HYP400>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Use of digital elevation model data for the derivation of the geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph","volume":"11","author":"Borga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM593.1","article-title":"Hydrometeorological Analysis of the 29 August 2003 Flash Flood in the Eastern Italian Alps","volume":"8","author":"Borga","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-575-2009","article-title":"Influence of rainfall spatial resolution on flash flood modeling","volume":"9","author":"Sangati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/8\/1258\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:17:58Z","timestamp":1760195878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/8\/1258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10081258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10081258","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]]}}}