{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T23:26:09Z","timestamp":1771025169960,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,15]],"date-time":"2018-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work reports on the application of a distributed fiber-optic strain sensor for long-term monitoring of a railway tunnel affected by an active earthflow. The sensor has been applied to detect the strain distribution along an optical fiber attached along the two walls of the tunnel. The experimental results, relative to a two-year monitoring campaign, demonstrate that the sensor is able to detect localized strains, identify their location along the tunnel walls, and follow their temporal evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,15]],"date-time":"2018-08-15T10:40:07Z","timestamp":1534329607000},"page":"1291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors for the Monitoring of a Tunnel Crossing a Landslide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8966-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Minardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Coscetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Zeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80124 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoengineering &amp; Geoinformatics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Di Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Coviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane Group), 70122 Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Macchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane Group), 70122 Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Picarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81031 Aversa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Zeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81031 Aversa, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80124 Napoli, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2106479","article-title":"Fiber Optic Sensors in Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"29","author":"Cobo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2015.01.008","article-title":"Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis for Geotechnical Monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Zeni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.003770","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of railway traffic using slope-assisted Brillouin distributed sensors","volume":"52","author":"Minardo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125035","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/22\/12\/125035","article-title":"Experimental modal analysis of an aluminum rectangular plate by use of the slope-assisted BOTDA method","volume":"22","author":"Minardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Mater. 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