{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T17:59:35Z","timestamp":1776448775364,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]],"date-time":"2018-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA09OAR4320893#9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA09OAR4320893#9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX16AE23G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX16AE23G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An intercalibrated Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) of brightness temperatures (Tb) has been developed using data from a total of 14 research and operational conical-scanning microwave imagers. This dataset provides a consistent 30+ year data record of global observations that is well suited for retrieving estimates of precipitation, total precipitable water, cloud liquid water, ocean surface wind speed, sea ice extent and concentration, snow cover, soil moisture, and land surface emissivity. An initial FCDR was developed for a series of ten Special Sensor Microwave\/Imager (SSM\/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) instruments on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program spacecraft. An updated version of this dataset, including additional NASA and Japanese sensors, has been developed as part of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The FCDR development efforts involved quality control of the original data, geolocation corrections, calibration corrections to account for cross-track and time-dependent calibration errors, and intercalibration to ensure consistency with the calibration reference. Both the initial SSMI(S) and subsequent GPM Level 1C FCDR datasets are documented, updated in near real-time, and publicly distributed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T11:23:06Z","timestamp":1534764186000},"page":"1306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Fundamental Climate Data Records of Microwave Brightness Temperatures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Wesley","family":"Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Campus Box 1371, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5801-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"Kroodsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}]},{"given":"Christian D.","family":"Kummerow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Campus Box 1371, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}]},{"given":"Darren S.","family":"McKague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, 1541D Space Research Building, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Research Council (2004). Climate Data Records from Environmental Satellites, The National Academies Press. Interim Report."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Berg, W.K., and Rodriguez-Alvarez, N. (2013). SSM\/I and SSMIS Quality Control, Colorado State University. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Berg, W., and Sapiano, M.R.P. (2013). Corrections and APC for SSMIS, Colorado State University. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2199761","article-title":"Improved geolocation and Earth incidence angle information for a fundamental climate data record of the SSM\/I sensors","volume":"51","author":"Berg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Sapiano, M.R.P., and Berg, W.K. (2012). Estimation of Satellite Attitude for SSM\/I and SSMIS Geolocation, Colorado State University. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Sapiano, M.R.P., Bilanow, S., and Berg, W. (2010). SSM\/I and SSMIS Stewardship Code Geolocation Algorithm Theoretical Basis, Colorado State University. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2206601","article-title":"Towards an intercalibrated fundamental climate data record of the SSM\/I sensors","volume":"51","author":"Sapiano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Sapiano, M.R.P., and Berg, W. (2013). Intercalibration of SSM\/I and SSMIS for the CSU FCDR, Colorado State University. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00164.1","article-title":"The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission","volume":"95","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. 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Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hot load temperature correction for TRMM microwave imager in the legacy brightness temperature temperature","volume":"99","author":"Alquaied","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2797021","article-title":"Emissive reflector correction in the legacy version 1B11 V8 (GPM05) brightness temperature of the TRMM microwave imager","volume":"11","author":"Alquaied","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroodsma, R., Bilanow, S., and McKague, D.S. (2018). TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) alignment and along-scan bias corrections. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 35.","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-17-0221.1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, W. (2017, January 23\u201328). 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