{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T07:11:17Z","timestamp":1771485077342,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the largest among terrestrial ecosystems, forests are vital to maintaining ecosystem services and regulating regional climate. The area and spatial distribution of trees in densely forested areas have been focused on in the past few decades, while sparse forests in agricultural zones, so-called agroforests or trees outside forests (TOF), have usually been ignored or missed in existing forest mapping efforts, despite their important role in regulating agricultural ecosystems. We combined Landsat and PALSAR data to map forests in a typical agricultural zone in the North China Plain. The resultant map, based on PALSAR and Landsat (PL) data, was also compared with five existing medium resolution (30\u2013100 m) forest maps from PALSAR (JAXA forest map) and Landsat: NLCD-China, GlobeLand30, ChinaCover, and FROM-GLC. The results show that the PL-based forest map has the highest accuracy (overall accuracy of 95 \u00b1 1% with a 95% confidence interval, and Kappa coefficient of 0.86) compared to those forest maps based on single Landsat or PALSAR data in the North China Plain (overall accuracy ranging from 85 \u00b1 2% to 92 \u00b1 1%). All forest maps revealed higher accuracy in densely forested mountainous areas, while the PL-based and JAXA forest maps showed higher accuracy in the plain, as the higher omission errors existed in only the Landsat-based forest maps. Moreover, we found that the PL-based forest map can capture more patched forest information in low forest density areas. This means that the radar data have advantages in capturing forests in the typical agricultural zones, which tend to be missing in published Landsat-based only forest maps. Given the significance of agroforests in regulating ecosystem services of the agricultural ecosystem and improving carbon stock estimation, this study implies that the integration of PALSAR and Landsat data can provide promising agroforest estimates in future forest inventory efforts, targeting a comprehensive understanding of ecosystem services of agroforests and a more accurate carbon budget inventory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T11:12:42Z","timestamp":1534849962000},"page":"1323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Integrated Analyses of PALSAR and Landsat Imagery Reveal More Agroforests in a Typical Agricultural Production Region, North China Plain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zhiqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5687-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinwei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanwei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjian","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4140-7512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guosong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0209-4285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bangqian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou City, Danzhou Investigation &amp; Experiment Station of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weili","family":"Kou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Big Data and Intelligence Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1866-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0956-7428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangming","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111772","article-title":"Global consequences of land use","volume":"309","author":"Foley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.04.014","article-title":"New global forest\/non-forest maps from ALOS PALSAR data (2007\u20132010)","volume":"155","author":"Shimada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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