{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T20:13:12Z","timestamp":1779135192603,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fisheries Agency of Japan; GCOM-C project of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.","award":["Red tide; GCOM -C."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Red tide; GCOM -C."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accurate retrieval of chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) from ocean color satellite data is extremely challenging in turbid, optically complex coastal waters. Ariake Bay in Japan is a turbid semi-enclosed bay of great socio-economic significance, but it suffers from serious water quality problems, particularly due to red tide events. Chl-a derived from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on satellite Aqua in Ariake Bay was investigated, and it was determined that the causes of the errors were from inaccurate atmospheric correction and inappropriate in-water algorithms. To improve the accuracy of MODIS remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) in the blue and green bands, a simple method was adopted using in situ Rrs data. This method assumes that the error in MODIS Rrs(547) is small, and MODIS Rrs(412) can be estimated from MODIS Rrs(547) using a linear relation between in situ Rrs(412) and Rrs(547). We also showed that the standard MODIS Chl-a algorithm, OC3M, underestimated Chl-a, which was mostly due to water column turbidity. A new empirical switching algorithm was generated based on the relationship between in situ Chl-a and the blue-to-green band ratio, max(Rrs(443), Rrs(448)\/Rrs(547), which was the same as the OC3M algorithm. The criterion of Rrs(667) of 0.005 sr\u22121 was used to evaluate the extent of turbidity for the switching algorithm. The results showed that the switching algorithm performed better than OC3M, and the root mean square error (RMSE) of estimated Chl-a decreased from 0.414 to 0.326. The RMSE for MODIS Chl-a using the recalculated Rrs and the switching algorithm was 0.287, which was a significant improvement from the RMSE of 0.610, which was obtained using standard MODIS Chl-a. Finally, the accuracy of our method was tested with an independent dataset collected by the local Fisheries Research Institute, and the results revealed that the switching algorithm with the recalculated Rrs reduced the RMSE of MODIS Chl-a from 0.412 of the standard to 0.335.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T11:12:42Z","timestamp":1534849962000},"page":"1335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Improved MODIS-Aqua Chlorophyll-a Retrievals in the Turbid Semi-Enclosed Ariake Bay, Japan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Meng Meng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joji","family":"Ishizaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaquim I.","family":"Goes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Marine Biology and Paleo Environment, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, P.O. Box 1000, Palisades, NY 10964-8000, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helga do R.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Marine Biology and Paleo Environment, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, P.O. Box 1000, Palisades, NY 10964-8000, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El\u00edgio de Ra\u00fas","family":"Ma\u00fare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Co., Ltd., 3-9-2, Koubai-cho, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-0031, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshiya","family":"Katano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan Minato-ku 108-8477, Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lowland Technology, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsuya","family":"Saitoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Fisheries Information Service Center, 4-5, Toyomicho, Toyomishinko Bldg. 6F., Chuo-ku 104-0055, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Mine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saga Ariake Fisheries Promotion Center, 1-1-59, Jonai, Saga 840-8570, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumamoto Prefectural Fisheries Research Center, 1-11-1, Higashisakura, Higashi Ward, Nagoya, Aichi 461-0005, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fukuoka Fisheries and Marine Technology Research Center, Ariakekai Laboratory, 728-5 Yoshitomi, Yanagawa, Fukuoka 832-0055, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.11.050","article-title":"Control of the red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides by ozone in seawater","volume":"109","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3800\/pbr.1.3","article-title":"Critical events in the Ariake Bay ecosystem: Clam population collapse, red tides, and hypoxic bottom water","volume":"1","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plankton Benthos Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2009.04.023","article-title":"Horizontal distribution and population dynamics of the dominant mysid Hyperacanthomysis longirostris along a temperate macrotidal estuary (Chikugo River estuary, Japan)","volume":"83","author":"Suzuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Estuar. 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